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Difference between revisions of "Neutron Radiation"
 
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|[[File:NeutronPenetrationAir.png|center|200px]]
 
|[[File:NeutronPenetrationAir.png|center|200px]]
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| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:left;" |'''[[Neutron]]s''' have a mean lifetime of around 15 minutes before they decay, so  
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| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:left;" |'''[[Neutron]]s''' have a mean lifetime of around 15 minutes before they decay, so can travel several hundred [[kilometre]]s depending on their [[velocity]] before they [[Radioactive Decay|decay]] into a [[proton]] and a [[Beta Particle|beta particle]] while [[emit]]ting a [[gamma-ray]].
 
|}
 
|}
  
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|-
 
|-
 
|[[File:NeutronPenetration.png|center|200px]]
 
|[[File:NeutronPenetration.png|center|200px]]
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| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:left;" |[[Alpha Particle|Alpha particles]] can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper.
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| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:left;" |[[Neutron Radiation|Neutron radiation]] can penetrate paper and sheets of [[metal]] foil but cannot penetrate more than a few cm of [[Lead]] or a [[metre]] of concrete before they are captured by the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] of an [[atom]].
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
====Ionising Potential====
 
====Ionising Potential====
−
: With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of +2, '''α-particles''' are the most [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] of the three [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiations]]. It is capable of removing two [[electron]]s from a single [[atom]] or [[molecule]] or removing 1 [[electron]] from two [[atom]]s or [[molecule]]s.
+
: With a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] of 0 and almost no effect on the [[electron]]s [[Electron Orbital|orbiting]] [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]], '''[[neutron]]s''' are not directly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]].
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |[[Neutron Radiation|Neutron radiation]] is referred to as indirectly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] because it does not affect the [[electron]]s [[Electron Orbital|orbiting]] an [[atom]] but it can cause the release of directly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising radiation]] in two ways:
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:AlphaIonise.png|center|600px]]
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|[[File:NeutronIonise.png|center|600px]]
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |When an [[Alpha Particle|α-particle]] interacts with an [[atom]] the [[Alpha Particle|α-particle]] can remove one or two [[electron]]s to '''ionise''' the [[atom]].
+
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |It can be [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by a [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] making it [[Unstable Isotope|unstable]] and causing it to release a [[gamma-ray]].
 +
|-
 +
|[[File:NeutronPenetrationAir.png|center|600px]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |It can [[Radioactive Decay|decay]] into a [[proton]] and a [[Beta Particle|beta particle]] releasing a [[gamma-ray]].
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
===Precautions===
 
===Precautions===
−
: [[Alpha Particle|Alpha radiation]] is the most [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] but the least [[Penetration Depth|penetrating]].
+
: [[Neutron Radiation|Neutron radiation]] is not directly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] but is as [[Penetration Depth|penetrating]] as [[gamma-ray]]s.
−
: [[Alpha Particle|Alpha]] sources are kept inside a block of [[lead]] with a hole that only allows the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particles]] out in one direction.
+
: [[Neutron Radiation|Neutron]] sources are kept inside a block of [[lead]] with a hole that only allows the '''[[neutron]]s''' out in one direction.
−
: Outside the body an [[organism]] can be protected from [[Alpha Particle|alpha radiation]] by keeping a distance greater than 5cm or by covering any bare skin.
+
: [[Neutron Radiation|Neutron radiation]] is too dangerous to handle directly so it must be done from behind a thick [[lead]] screen.
−
: Inside an [[organism]] [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]]s are the most dangerous as they are highly [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] and there is nothing inside an [[organism]] to block them [[Ionising Radiation|ionising]] biological [[molecule]]s like [[DNA]]. Every precaution must be taken not to [[Radioactive Contamination|contaminate]] the skin with the [[Alpha Particle|alpha]] source in case it finds its way into the body through a cut or the mouth.
+
: [[Neutron Radiation|Neutron]] [[emission]] is usually stimulated by bombarding [[Atomic Nucleus|nuclei]] with other [[particle]]s. The [[Neutron Radiation|neutron]] sources have a very short [[Half Life|half life]] so they do not need to be kept in sealed [[Lead]] containers for long before they are no longer dangerously [[radioactive]].
−
: When handling a source of [[Beta Particle|beta radiation]] the precautions which should be taken are:
 
−
:*Wear gloves - to prevent [[Radioactive Contamination|contamination]].
 
−
:*Use tongs to handle the source, never touch it - to prevent [[Radioactive Contamination|contamination]].
 
−
:*Aim the source away from any living [[organism]] - to prevent [[irradiation]].
 
−
:*Store the source in a sealed container - to prevent [[Radioactive Contamination|contamination]] and [[irradiation]].
 
  
 
===Applications===
 
===Applications===
 +
: [[Neutron]]s are used to stimulate [[Nuclear Fission|nuclear fission]] in both [[Nuclear Reactor|nuclear reactors]] and [[Nuclear Bomb|nuclear bombs]].
 +
 +
===Equation===
 +
 +
<math>{}_Z^AX \rightarrow {}_{Z}^{A-1}Y + {}_0^1n</math>
 +
 +
<math>{}_{8}^{18}O \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}O + {}_0^1n</math>
 +
 +
====Example Calculations====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
|[[File:SmokeDetector.png|center|600px]]
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| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |'''Find the [[element]] 'X' and calculate its [[Relative Atomic Mass|relative atomic mass]] 'A' and its [[Relative Atomic Charge|relative atomic charge]] 'Z'.'''
 +
 
 +
<math>{}_{3}^{8}Li \rightarrow {}_{Z}^{A}X + {}_0^1n</math>
 +
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |'''Find the [[element]] 'X' and calculate its [[Relative Atomic Mass|relative atomic mass]] 'A' and its [[Relative Atomic Charge|relative atomic charge]] 'Z'.'''
 +
 
 +
<math>{}_{Z}^{A}X \rightarrow {}_{10}^{26}Ne + {}_0^1n</math>
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="height:20px; width:600px; text-align:left;" |In a smoke detector [[Alpha Particle|alpha particles]] are released between two [[electrode]]s.
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| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. Calculate the [[Relative Atomic Mass|relative atomic mass]] by looking at the top row of numbers.'''
  
−
When the [[Alpha Particle|alpha particles]] [[Ionising Radiation|ionise]] the [[molecule]]s in the [[air]] the [[ion]]s move between the [[electrode]]s and a [[Electrical Current|current]] flows in the [[circuit]].
+
8 = A + 1
 +
 
 +
A = 7
 +
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. Calculate the [[Relative Atomic Mass|relative atomic mass]] by looking at the top row of numbers.'''
 +
 
 +
A = 26 + 1
 +
 
 +
A = 27
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. Calculate the [[Relative Atomic Charge|relative atomic charge]] by looking at the bottom row of numbers.'''
 +
 
 +
3 = Z + 0
 +
 
 +
Z = 3
 +
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. Calculate the [[Relative Atomic Charge|relative atomic charge]] by looking at the bottom row of numbers.'''
 +
 
 +
Z = 10 + 0
 +
 
 +
Z = 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''3. It's the same [[element]] but a different isotope.'''
  
−
When smoke gets between the [[electrode]]s the [[ion]]s become stuck in large [[particle]]s of [[soot]] preventing them from moving. This stops the [[Electrical Current|current]] in the [[circuit]].
+
<math>{}_{3}^{7}Li</math>
 +
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''3. Since the [[Relative Atomic Charge|relative atomic charge]] is the same as the [[Atomic Number|atomic number]] look up the [[element]] on the [[Periodic Table|periodic table]].'''
  
−
The [[ammeter]] in the [[circuit]] is connected to an alarm which goes off when there is no [[Electrical Current|current]].
+
<math>{}_{10}^{27}Ne</math>
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 14:58, 6 April 2019

Key Stage 4

Meaning

neutron radiation is a type of ionising radiation emitted from the nucleus of an unstable isotope.

About Neutron Radiation

Neutron radiation is a neutron emitted from the nucleus of an unstable isotope.
Neutrons have a relative atomic mass of 1 and relative charge of 0.
Neutrons are emitted when the ratio of neutrons to protons is too large or when a massive unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei in a process of nuclear fission.

Charge

NeutronCharge.png
 Scientist were able to determine the charge of a neutron by sending it between two electrically charged plates and observing its path.

The neutron continues in a straight line so it must be neutral.

Penetration Depth

NeutronPenetrationAir.png
 Neutrons have a mean lifetime of around 15 minutes before they decay, so can travel several hundred kilometres depending on their velocity before they decay into a proton and a beta particle while emitting a gamma-ray.
NeutronPenetration.png
 Neutron radiation can penetrate paper and sheets of metal foil but cannot penetrate more than a few cm of Lead or a metre of concrete before they are captured by the nucleus of an atom.

Ionising Potential

With a charge of 0 and almost no effect on the electrons orbiting nuclei, neutrons are not directly ionising.
Neutron radiation is referred to as indirectly ionising because it does not affect the electrons orbiting an atom but it can cause the release of directly ionising radiation in two ways:
NeutronIonise.png
It can be absorbed by a nucleus making it unstable and causing it to release a gamma-ray.
NeutronPenetrationAir.png
It can decay into a proton and a beta particle releasing a gamma-ray.

Precautions

Neutron radiation is not directly ionising but is as penetrating as gamma-rays.
Neutron sources are kept inside a block of lead with a hole that only allows the neutrons out in one direction.
Neutron radiation is too dangerous to handle directly so it must be done from behind a thick lead screen.
Neutron emission is usually stimulated by bombarding nuclei with other particles. The neutron sources have a very short half life so they do not need to be kept in sealed Lead containers for long before they are no longer dangerously radioactive.

Applications

Neutrons are used to stimulate nuclear fission in both nuclear reactors and nuclear bombs.

Equation

\({}_Z^AX \rightarrow {}_{Z}^{A-1}Y + {}_0^1n\)

\({}_{8}^{18}O \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}O + {}_0^1n\)

Example Calculations

Find the element 'X' and calculate its relative atomic mass 'A' and its relative atomic charge 'Z'.

\({}_{3}^{8}Li \rightarrow {}_{Z}^{A}X + {}_0^1n\)

Find the element 'X' and calculate its relative atomic mass 'A' and its relative atomic charge 'Z'.

\({}_{Z}^{A}X \rightarrow {}_{10}^{26}Ne + {}_0^1n\)

1. Calculate the relative atomic mass by looking at the top row of numbers.

8 = A + 1

A = 7

1. Calculate the relative atomic mass by looking at the top row of numbers.

A = 26 + 1

A = 27

2. Calculate the relative atomic charge by looking at the bottom row of numbers.

3 = Z + 0

Z = 3

2. Calculate the relative atomic charge by looking at the bottom row of numbers.

Z = 10 + 0

Z = 10

3. It's the same element but a different isotope.

\({}_{3}^{7}Li\)

3. Since the relative atomic charge is the same as the atomic number look up the element on the periodic table.

\({}_{10}^{27}Ne\)

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