Geography Key Stage 4
Contents
- 1 Physical Geography
- 2 Human Geography
- 3 Geographical Skills
- 4 Keywords
Physical Geography
Natural Hazards
- Natural Hazard - definition, types factors
Tectonic Hazards
- Earthquake - cause, consequence and how technology mitigates
- Volcanic Eruption
- Volcano
- Plate Tectonic Theory
- Structure of Earth
- Tectonic Plate
- Primary Effect (Geography)
- Secondary Effect (Geography)
- examples of tectonic events, causes, consequences and response to include poor and rich in contrast, why don't people move, reducing risks,
Weather Hazards
- Weather Hazard -definition, types, factors, types in the UK
- Weather
- Climate
- General Atmospheric Circulation Model aka Global Atmospheric Circulation
- Pressure Belt
- Surface Wind
- Tropical Storm - atmospheric circulation, causes, sequence of formation, structure, features, effects due to climate change, distribution globally and whether this has changed over time, example of event and consequences
- Hurricane
- Cyclone
- Typhoon
- Climate Change
- Primary Effect (Geography) - of tropical storms
- Secondary Effect (Geography) - of tropical storms
- Floods
- Flash Flood - an example from UK and globally
- Heat Wave - example from uk and globally
- Doughts - distribution globally and whether this has changed over time, an example from Uk and globally
- Storms
- examples needed, monitoring, prediction, protection and planning - extreme weather events in UK - causes, impact, management strategies
Climate Change
- Climate Change - natural factors, human factors, effects. Evidence from quaternary period to now, mitigation and adaptation
- Climate Change#Natural Factors - orbit, volcano, solar output
- Orbit#Orbit and Earth's Climate
- Quaternary Period
- Volcanic Eruption#Volcanic Eruptions and Earth's Climate
- Solar Output
- Climate Change#Evidence - sea ice position, ice core, global temperature data, paintings, diaries
- Greenhouse Effect
- Global Warming
- Climate Change#Human Factors - fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation
- Fossil Fuel
- Agriculture#Agriculture's Effect on Climate
- Deforestation#Deforestation's Effect on Climate
- Global Warming
- Climate Change#Mitigating Climate Change
- Climate Change#Impacts of Climate Change - social, economic and environmental from sea level rise and extreme weather events both global and UK.
Ecosystems around the World
- Ecosystem - example in uk, impact of altering a component, examples of large global ecosystems
- Biotic Environmental Factor
- Abiotic Environmental Factor
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers
- Food Chain
- Food Web
- Nutrient Cycle
Tropical Rainforests
- Tropical Rainforest - climate, water, soil profile, plants and animals (+human) interdependence
- Interdependence
- Adaptations
- Biodiversity - issues including loss
- Deforestation - rate of deforestation, case study including; causes such as farming, logging, roads, mineral extraction, settlement, population growth, energy source and impacts such as economic, soil erosion, climate change.
- Deforestation#Causes of Deforestation - farming, logging, roads, mineral extraction, settlement, population growth, energy source
- Subsistence Farming
- Commercial Farming
- Logging
- Infrastructure - roads, powerlines, buildings
- Mineral Extraction
- Settlement
- Deforestation#Impacts of Deforestation - economic, soil erosion, climate change.
- Soil Erosion
- Climate Change
- Tropical Rainforest#Value - why they're important
- Tropical Rainforest#Preservation of Tropical Rainforests - management, selective logging, replantation, conservation, eduction, ecotourism, international agreements involving tropical hardwoods and debt relief.
Deciduous Woodlands
- Deciduous Woodland - biotic and abiotic characteristics, interdependence, climate change, biodiversity
- Interdependence
- Nutrient Cycle
- Gresmehl Model
- Biodiversity- reason for moderate biodiversity in deciduous woodlands
- Leaf - size, structure, water conservation in winter
- Adaptations - migration, hibernation, food storage
- Deciduous Woodland#Value - timber, fuel, recreation
- Deciduous Woodland#Preservation of Deciduous Woodland - conservation, sustainable management - a specific example given.
- Climate Change
- Deforestation - urbanisation, population growth, timber, agriculture
Hot Deserts
- Hot Desert - biotic and abiotic factors, interdependence of climate, soil, plant and animals
- Interdependence
- Adaptations - dry, hot
- Hot Desert#Value - mineral extraction, energy, tourism
- Hot Desert#Development - challenges including temperature, water inaccessibility - include a case study/example
- Desertification - climate change, fuel wood, overgrazing, over-cultivation, soil erosion.
- Desertification#Mitigation - water management, soil management, tree planting
Polar Environments
- Polar Environment - biotic and abiotic factors, interdependence of climate, permafrots, soil, plant and animals
- Tundra - biotic and abiotic factors, interdependence of climate, permafrots, soil, plant and animals
- Adaptations - cold, seasonal ice changes, migration
- Biodiversity
- Polar Environment#Value - mineral extraction, energy, fishing, whaling, tourism
- Polar Environment#Development - challenges including temperature, inaccessibility buildings and infrastructure- include a case study/example
- Polar Environment#Preservation of Polar Environments - value as wilderness, reasons to protect, how to balance economic development with conservation; tech, governments, international agreements, conservation groups.
The Changing Physical Landscapes in the UK
Coastal Landscapes in the UK
- Coast
- Water Waves - type and characterisation
- Weathering
- Mass Movement (Geography)
- Erosion (Rock Cycle)
- Transportation (Rock Cycle)
- Deposition (Rock Cycle)
- Coastal Landform - how rocktype affects this, example in the uk showing erosion and deposition
- Landforms from erosion
- Landforms from deposition
- Coastal Management - example from uk including reason, strategy, effects and conflicts
River Landscapes in the UK
- River
- River Valley
- V-shaped Valley
- Fluvial Process
- Fluvial Landforms - uk example with landforms from erosion and deposition
- Landforms from Erosion
- Landforms from Erosion and Deposition
- Landforms from Deposition
- River Flood Management - cost and benefits of strategies including 'hard engineering' dams, reservoirs, straightening, embankments, flood relief channels and 'soft engineering' flood warning and prep, flood plain zoning, tree planting, river restoration. - example in the uk noting main strategy why it was required and the issues surrounding its implementation or lack thereof.
- Flood - factors including precipitation, geology, relief, land use
- Hydrograph
- Dams
- Reservoir
- River Straightening
- River Embankments
- Flood Relief Channel
- Flood Warning
- Flood Preparation
- Flood Plain Zoning
- Reforestation
- River Restoration
Glacial Landscapes in the UK
- Glacier
- Glaciated Landscape
- Glacial Valley
- U-shaped Valley
- Ice Age
- Glacial Processes
- Glacial Landforms - example of uk upland area
- Glacial Landforms from Erosion
- Glacial Landforms from Transportation and Deposition
- Glaciated Upland Area - tourism, farming, forestry and quarrying - conflicts over land use including development and conservation. example of uk area including tourist attraction, consequences of tourism (social, economic, environmental), managing the impact of tourism.
Human Geography
Urbanisation
- Urbanisation - global pattern, MEDCs and LEDCs, push pull theory, natural increase, megacities
- MEDC - trends in urbanisation
- LEDC
- Emerging Market
- Push-pull Theory
- Natural Increase
- City
- Megacity - changing distribution since 1950
Changing Cities
Major UK Cities
case studies of major uk cities to include location, regional, national and international importance. impact of migration on growth and city character - how urban change has created opportunities including social and economic; cultural mix, recreation, entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems, and including environmental; urban greening. - how urban change has created challenges including social and economic; urban deprivation, housing inequality, education, health and employment and including environmental; dereliction, brownfield and greenfield development, waste disposal and including the impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe, and satellite towns (commuter settlements). - example of urban regeneration project including reason it was needed and the main features of the project.
- United Kingdom - economic hubs, population pyramid, place on the demographic transition model, ageing population - global significance to include participation in organisations, role in a global conflict, media exports, contribution of ethnic groups to food, media and fashion.
- MEDC
- Recreation
- Entertainment
- Employment
- Integrated Transport System
- Infrastructure
- Urban Greening
- Urban Deprivation
- Housing Inequality
- Health Service
- Education
- Dereliction
- Brownfield
- Greenfield
- Waste Disposal
- Urban Sprawl
- Rural-urban Fringe
- Green Belt
- Satellite Town
Major Cities in the Developing World
case studies to include location, regional, national and international importance, cause of growth. - how it created opportunities including social opportunities; health, education, resources water, energy, economic opportunities; industrial areas and economic development. - creation of challenges including; managing urban growth, slums, squatter settlements, providing clean water, sanitation, energy, health services, education, reducing unemployment and crime, environmental issues; waste disposal, air+water pollution, traffic congestion. - example of how urban planning has improved life for urban poor.
- Natural Increase
- Migration
- Industrial Areas
- Managing Urban Growth
- Urban Planning
- Slum
- Squatter Settlement
- Sanitation
- Potable Water
- Energy Resources
- Health Service
- Education
- Unemployment
- Crime
- Waste Disposal
- Air Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Traffic
Urban Issues and Challenges
Global Development
- Development (Geography)
- Gross National Income
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
- Infant Mortality
- Life Expectancy
- Doctors Per Population
- Literacy Level
- Potable Water
- Human Development Index
- Demographic Transition Model - link to level of development
- Development Gap
- Industrial Development
- Tourism - example of how it's helped an LEDC or emerging market
- International Aid
- Intermediate Technology
- Fairtrade
- Debt Relief
- Microfinance Loan
- Primary Industry
- Secondary Industry
- Tertiary Industry
- Quaternary Industry
More Economically Developed Countries
NB: Depending on exam board this may be HIC (High Income Country), AC (Advanced Country) or Developed Country.
- Economic Futures in the UK
- United Kingdom - place of the uk in the world - trade links, culture, transport, e-coms, European Union, Commonwealth
- De-industrialisation
- Industrial Decline
- Globalisation
- Post-industrial Economy
- Information Technology
- Service Industry
- Finance
- Research
- Science Park
- Business Park
- Environmental Sustainability - modern industrial development as sustainable
- Rural Area - UK example of population growth and of population decline (social and economic changes)
- Infrastructure - improvements
- Road Network - improvements
- Rail Network - improvements
- Seaport - improvements
- Airport - improvements
- North South Divide - strategies to resolve
Less Economically Developed Countries
NB: Depending on exam board this may be LIC (Low Income Country), LIDC (Low Income Developing Country) or Developing Country.
- LEDC - case study - location and importance regionally and globally, political, social, cultural and environmental context - changing industrial structure, link between manufacturing and economic development - role of transnational corporations including advantages and disadvantages - international trade - international aid including types and impact - environmental impact of development - quality of life and development.
- Economic Development - environmental impact, quality of life, link to manufacturing
- Manufacturing
- Transnational Corporation - advantages and disadvantages
- International Trade
- International Aid - types and impact on recipients
- Debt Relief
- Rostow's Model
- Millennium Development Goals
include top down and bottom up strategies
Emerging Markets
NB: Depending on exam board this may be NEE (Newly Emerging Economy), EDC (Emerging and Developing Country) or Emerging Country.
- Emerging Market - case study - location and importance regionally and globally, political, social, cultural and environmental context - changing industrial structure, link between manufacturing and economic development - role of transnational corporations including advantages and disadvantages - international trade - international aid including types and impact - environmental impact of development - quality of life and development.
- Economic Development - environmental impact, quality of life, link to manufacturing
- Manufacturing
- Transnational Corporation - advantages and disadvantages
- International Trade
- International Aid - types and impact on recipients
The Changing Economic World
The Challenges of resource management
- Resource - global inequalities in supply and consumption
- Economic Well-being
- Social Well-being
- Import
- Export
- Carbon Footprint
Resource Management
Food
- Food in the UK
- High-value Food - demand in uk
- Seasonal Food - all year demand
- Organic Food
- Food Miles - carbon footprint of food
- Local Sourcing - practice of getting resources locally for environmental or social reasons despite economic disinsentive
- Agribusiness
- Intensive Farming
- Global Food supply and demand
- Food Security
- Food Insecurity - impacts of food insecurity including famine, malnutrition, soil erosion, rising price, social unrest
- Global Food Supply - calorie intake by country, factors affecting supply including climate, tech, biotic factors, water, war and poverty
- Food Consumption - relation to population and economic development
- Irrigation
- Aeroponics
- Hydroponics
- Green Revolution
- Biotechnology - include genetically modified organisms; (golden rice example already exists in a science page).
- Agricultural Development - advantages and disadvantages
- Sustainable Farming - include fish and meat
- Organic Farming
- Permaculture
- Urban Farming Initiatives
- Seasonal Food - sustainability if kept seasonal
- Food Waste - amount of and reduction of
example of LEDC or Emerging Market scheme to increase sustainability
Water
- Water in the UK
- Potable Water - UK areas of deficit and surplus, need for transfer
- Water Quality
- Water Pollution
- Global water supply and demand
- Water Security
- Water Insecurity - impacts; disease, drinking polluted water, food production, industrial output, conflict
- Potable Water
- Water Supply - global areas of deficit and surplus, factors affecting availability including climate, geology, water pollution, over-abstraction, infrastructure problems and poverty - strategies to increase; divert supplies, increase storage with dams and reservoirs, water transfer, desalination
- Water Consumption - reason for increases including population and economic development especially agriculture
Example of a large scale water transfer scheme showing advantages and disadvantages
example of LEDC or Emerging Market scheme to increase sustainability
Energy
- Energy in the UK
- Energy Demand - in the uk
- Fossil Fuels
- Coal - reduced demand
- Crude Oil - reduced demand
- Natural Gas - increased demand
- Renewable Energy Resources - in the uk
- Global Energy supply and demand
- Global Energy Supply - consumption and supply, factors affecting supply including physical factors, cost of gaining resource, technology, political factors
- Energy Security
- Energy Insecurity - impacts; damaging ecosystems to exploit a resource, economic and environmental cost, effect on food production and price (biodiesel and similar), industrial output, conflict
- Energy Consumption - reasons for increase including population, technology and economic development
- Energy Demand - globally increasing demand
- Renewable Energy Resources
- Non-renewable Energy Resource
- Fossil Fuels - example of extraction and its advantages and disadvantages
- Nuclear Power
- Energy Sustainability - energy conservation, design of buildings and transport, reducing demand, technology including energy efficient devices.
- Carbon Footprint
- Energy Efficiency - technology and drive to make more efficient devices
example of LEDC or Emerging Market scheme to increase sustainability
Geographical Skills
Cartography
- Map
- Atlas Map
- OS Map - infer human activity from map including tourism
- Map Scales - 1:50,000 and 1:25,000
- Map Coordinates - measure straight line and curved distances
- Map Gradient
- Contour
- Spot Height
- Relief
- Drainage
- Settlement
- Land Use
- Cross-section Graph
- Transect
- Coastline - appearance on OS
- Fluvial Landscape - appearance on OS
- Glacial Landscape - appearance on OS
- Base Map
- Choropleth Map
- Isoline Map
- Flow Line Map
- Desire-line Map
- Dot Map
- Sphere of Influence Map
- Thematic Map
- Route Map
- Sketch Map
Qualitative Data
Investigative Skills
Graphs
- Bar Chart
- Histogram
- Line Graph
- Scatter Graph
- Dispersion Graph
- Pie Chart
- Climate Graph
- Proportional Symbols
- Pictograms
- Cross-section Graph
- Population Pyramid
- Radial Graph
- Rose Chart
Numerical Skills
Statistical Skills
- Central Tendency
- Spread
- Cumulative Frequency
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Modal Class
- Range
- Quartile
- Interquartile Range
Keywords
- Abrasion
- Aggregate
- Agrarian Society
- Agribusiness
- Agricultural Land
- Air Pressure
- Alluvium
- Anemometer
- Anticyclone
- Aquifer
- Arable
- Attrition
- Backwash
- Beach
- Biodiversity
- Biogas
- Biomes
- Birth Rate
- Boulder Clay
- Building
- Caldera
- Carbon Sink
- Cathedral
- Central Business District
- City
- Clay
- Cliff
- Climate Change
- Climate
- Cloud
- Coast
- Cold Front
- Commuter Villages
- Confluence
- Conservative Plate Margin
- Constructive Plate Margin
- Constructive Waves
- Consumer
- Continental Crust
- Continental Plate
- Convectional Rainfall
- Coriolis Force
- Corrie
- Country
- Countryside
- Cultivate
- Crop
- Dam
- Death Rate
- Decomposer
- Demographic Transition Model
- Depopulation
- Deposition
- Depression
- Destructive Plate Margin
- Destructive Waves
- Development
- Discharge
- Diversification
- Drumlin
- Economic Migrant
- Ecosystem
- Ecotourism
- Elderly Dependent
- Emerging Market
- England
- Environment Agency
- Environment
- Epicentre
- Erosion
- Escarpment
- Estuary
- Ethnic Segregation
- Eye (Storm)
- Factory
- Fairtrade
- Farm
- Farming
- Fetch
- Floodplain
- Focus
- Fold Mountains
- Food Chain
- Food Miles
- Food Web
- Freeze Thaw
- Global Warming
- Globalisation
- Goods
- Gorge
- Government
- Great Britain
- Green Belt
- Greenhouse Effect
- Greenhouse Gas
- Gross Domestic Product
- Groundwater
- Habitation
- Hamlet (Geography)
- Hanging Valley
- High Pressure Region
- Housing
- Hurricane
- Hydraulic Action
- Hydrograph
- Ice Age
- Ice Sheet
- Igneous
- Impermeable
- Industrialisation
- Infiltration
- Informal Economy
- Infrastructure
- Inhabitant
- Intensive Farming
- Interdependence (Geography)
- Irrigation
- Isobar
- Knots
- Lag Time
- Lake
- Landslide
- Leaching
- LEDC
- Levees
- Livestock
- Load (Geography)
- Logging
- London
- Longshore Drift
- Low Pressure Region
- Manufacturing
- Meander
- Megacity
- Metamorphic
- Migration (Geography)
- Moraine
- Mountain
- Mud
- Mudflat
- Natural Decrease
- Natural Disaster
- Natural Increase
- Non-renewable Energy Resource
- Non-Renewable
- Northern Ireland
- Occluded Front
- Ocean Trench
- Oceanic Crust
- Oceanic Plate
- Overcultivation
- Overgrazing
- Oxbow Lake
- Pastoral Farm
- Permeable
- Pleistocene Era
- Plucking
- Plunge Pool
- Pollarding
- Pollution
- Population (Geography)
- Population Density
- Population Growth Rate
- Population Pyramid
- Precipitation (Geography)
- Primary Effect
- Producer
- Pyroclastic Flow
- Rainfall
- Rainstorm
- Relief Rainfall
- Renewable Energy Resource
- Renewable
- Residential
- Resource
- Retire
- Retirement Migration
- Ribbon Lake
- Richter Scale
- River Bank
- River Bed
- Rural
- Rural-Urban Fringe
- Rural-Urban Migration
- Saffir-Simpson Scale
- Sand
- Scotland
- Sea Bed
- Sea
- Secondary Effect
- Sediment
- Sedimentary
- Service
- Settlement
- Severe Flood Warning
- Shanty Town
- Short-Haul Destination
- Slash and Burn
- Slumping
- Snow
- Snowline
- Spit
- Storm Surge
- Subduction
- Subsistence Farming
- Supervolcano
- Sustainable
- Swash
- Synoptic Chart
- Tarn
- Tax
- Tectonic Plate Margin
- Tectonic Plate
- Thalweg
- Throughflow
- Timber
- Tor
- Town
- Traction
- Transport
- Tributary
- Tropical Storm
- Tropics
- Tsunami
- United Kingdom
- Urban Sprawl
- Urban
- Urbanisation
- Valley
- Vegetation
- Village
- V-shaped Valley
- Wales
- Warm Front
- Water Table
- Waterfall
- Wave-cut Platform
- Weather Front
- Weather
- Weathering
- Westminster
- Wind Speed
- Working Population
- Young Dependents
- Nation
- Territory
- MEDC
- Continent
- Silt
- River Delta
- Storm
- Manufacture
- Island
- Hill
- Ireland
- Rain
- Sleet
- Hail
- Dew
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Continent
- Equator
- State
- Africa
- Antarctica
- Asia
- Australia
- Europe
- North America
- South America
- Northern Hemisphere
- Southern Hemisphere
- Ocean
- Arctic Ocean
- Atlantic Ocean
- Indian Ocean
- Pacific Ocean
- Southern Ocean
- Cardinal Directions
- North
- North-East
- East
- South-East
- South
- South-West
- West
- North-West