Key Stage Wiki - User contributions [en]

Zinc

2019-12-25T12:17:07Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
[[Zinc]] is a [[metal]].
==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[File:ZincSymbol1.png|right|300px|thumb|The [[Chemical Symbol|chemical symbol]] for [[Zinc]].]]
[[Zinc]] is a [[Transition Metal|transition metal]] [[element]], on the [[Periodic Table]], with an [[Atomic Number|atomic number]] of 30.

===About Zinc===
====Molecular Structure====
: [[Zinc]] has the [[Chemical Symbol|chemical symbol]] [[Zinc|Zn]].
: [[Zinc]] [[atom]]s join together in large numbers to form a giant [[metal]] [[molecule]].
====Atomic Structure====
: [[Zinc]] as 30 [[proton]]s and 35 [[neutron]]s in its [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] giving it an [[Atomic Number]] of 30 and an [[Relative Atomic Mass|atomic mass]] of 65.
: [[Zinc]] is in [[Period]] 4 of the [[Periodic Table]] because it has 4 [[Electron Orbital|electron shells]].
====Properties====
: [[Zinc]] is a [[metal]] [[element]] so it is a good [[Thermal Conductor|thermal conductor]] and a good [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]].
: [[Zinc]] is a shiny [[solid]] at [[STP|room temperature]].
: [[Zinc]] is [[malleable]].
: [[Zinc]] is [[sonorous]].
: [[Zinc]] is [[ductile]].
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Zinc]] is a [[Transition Metal|transition metal]] [[element]], on the [[Periodic Table]], with 30 [[proton]]s in the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]].
===About Zinc===
====Molecular Structure====
: [[Zinc]] has the [[Chemical Formula|chemical formula]] [[Zinc |Zn]].
: [[Zinc]] [[atom]]s join together in a [[Giant Metallic Structure|giant metallic structure]].
====Atomic Structure====
: The most [[Stable Isotope|stable isotope]] of [[Zinc]] has 35 [[neutron]]s in its [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] giving it an [[Relative Atomic Mass|atomic mass]] of 65.
: [[Zinc]] is in [[Period]] 4 of the [[Periodic Table]] because it has 4 [[Electron Orbital|electron shells]].
: [[Zinc]] loses [[electron]]s to form [[Positive Charge|positive]] [[Metal Ion|metal ions]].
====Properties====
: [[Zinc]] forms [[Ionic Bond|ionic bonds]] with [[non-metal]]s.
: [[Zinc]] is a [[metal]] [[element]] so it is a good [[Thermal Conductor|thermal conductor]] and a good [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]].
: [[Zinc]] is a shiny [[solid]] at [[STP|standard temperature and pressure]] and has a high [[Melting Point|melting point]].
: [[Zinc]] is [[malleable]].
: [[Zinc]] is [[sonorous]].
: [[Zinc]] is [[ductile]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Zinc, page 221, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Zinc, pages 35, 130, 134, 139, 182, 208, 339-40, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Zinc, pages 214, 215, 219, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Zero Error

2019-12-25T12:16:40Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A '''zero error''' is a type of [[Systematic Error|systematic error]], caused by a [[Measuring Instrument|measuring instrument]] not being [[calibrate]]d.

===About Zero Errors===
: A '''zero error''' may be found when plotting the [[Scatter Graph|scatter graph]] for an [[experiment]] where it is known the two [[variable]]s should be [[Directly Proportional|directly proportional]] but they appear to only be [[proportional]] have a [[y-intercept]] that is not zero.
: A '''zero error''' can be corrected by [[calibrate|calibrating]] the [[Measuring Instrument|measuring instruments]] before an [[experiment]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Zero errors, page 12, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Zero errors, page 13, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Zero errors, page 13, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Zero errors, page 13, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Zero errors, page 289, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Zero errors, page 34, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Zero errors, page 5, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac516 ''Zero errors, page 5, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d273 ''Zero errors, page 6, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Zero errors, page 13, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Zero errors, page 13, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Zero errors, page 13, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Zero errors, page 6, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Zero errors, page 6, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Zero errors, page 6, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Zero errors, pages 107, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Y-intercept

2019-12-25T12:15:43Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
The [[y-intercept]] is where the [[Line of Best Fit|line]] on a [[Scatter Graph|scatter graph]] meets the [[y-axis]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
The [[y-intercept]] is where the [[Line of Best Fit|line]] on a [[Scatter Graph|scatter graph]] meets the [[y-axis]].

===About the y-intercept===
: If an [[experiment]] produces a [[Scatter Graph|scatter graph]] with a [[y-intercept]] but the relationship is supposed to be [[Directly Proportional|directly proportional]] then the [[y-intercept]] indicates the amount of [[Systematic Error|systematic error]] in the [[experiment]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Y-intercept, page 302, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Y-intercept, page 381, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Y-intercept (graphs), page 289, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Y-intercept (graphs), pages 290, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Y-intercepts, page 304, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Yield (Chemistry)

2019-12-25T12:15:11Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Yield''' is the [[mass]] of [[product]] in a [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reaction]].

===About Yield===
: The theoretical '''yield''' of [[product]] from a [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reaction]] can be calculated using the [[Balanced Symbol Equation|balanced symbol equation]] and the [[Relative Formula Mass|relative formula masses]] of all the [[molecule]]s involved.
: The experimental '''yield''' from a [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reaction]] is often not as large as the theoretical '''yield''' because not all of the [[reactant]]s will [[Chemical Reaction|react]]. This experimental '''yield''' is often expressed as a [[percentage]] of the theoretical '''yield''' and is known as the [[Percentage Yield]].

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |
Calculate the '''yield''' of [[Magnesium Oxide]] given 48g of [[Magnesium]] and excess [[Oxygen]].
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |
Find the '''yield''' of [[Water]] when 320g of [[Methane]] [[Chemical reaction|reacts]] with excess [[Oxygen]].
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |
Find the '''yield''' of [[Sodium Chloride]] when 7.3 of [[Hydrochloric Acid]] [[Chemical Reaction|reacts]] with excess [[Sodium Hydroxide]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |
'''Write the Balanced Symbol Equation'''

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |
'''Write the Balanced Symbol Equation'''

CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |
'''Write the Balanced Symbol Equation'''

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''Find the [[Relative Formula Mass]] of the relevant [[reactant]]s and [[product]].'''

Mr of Mg = 24g

Mr of MgO = 40g

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''Find the [[Relative Formula Mass]] of the relevant [[reactant]]s and [[product]].'''

Mr of CH4 = 16g

Mr of H2O = 18g

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''Find the [[Relative Formula Mass]] of the relevant [[reactant]]s and [[product]].'''

Mr of NaOH = 40g

Mr of HCl = 36.5g

Mr of NaCl = 58.5g
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''State the [[ratio]] of [[mole]]s of each [[chemical]] needed.'''

2 [[mole]]s of Mg are needed for every 2 [[mole]]s of MgO

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''State the [[ratio]] of [[mole]]s of each [[chemical]] needed.'''

1 [[mole]] of CH4 is needed for every 2 [[mole]]s H2O

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''State the [[ratio]] of [[mole]]s of each [[chemical]] needed.'''

1 [[mole]] of HCl and NaOH are needed for every 1 [[mole]] of NaCl

|-

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''Find the number of [[mole]]s supplied of the known [[mass]].'''

No. [[Mole]]s = <math>\frac{Mass}{M_r}</math>

No. [[Mole]]s = <math>\frac{48}{24}</math>

No. [[Mole]]s = 2 mol

Therefore 2 [[mole]]s of MgO is produced.

2 [[mole]]s of MgO = 40x2

'''Yield''' = 80g

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''Find the number of [[mole]]s supplied of the known [[mass]].'''

No. [[Mole]]s = <math>\frac{Mass}{M_r}</math>

No. [[Mole]]s = <math>\frac{320}{16}</math>

No. [[Mole]]s = 20 mol

Therefore 40 [[mole]]s of H2O are produced.

40 [[mole]]s of CO2 = 18x40

'''Yield''' = 720g

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |
'''Find the number of [[mole]]s supplied of the known [[mass]].'''

No. [[Mole]]s = <math>\frac{Mass}{M_r}</math>

No. [[Mole]]s = <math>\frac{7.3}{36.5}</math>

No. [[Mole]]s = 0.2 mol

Therefore 0.2 [[mole]] of [[Sodium Chloride]] is produced.

0.2 [[mole]] of NaCl = 11.7g

'''Yield''' = 11.7g
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f621 ''Yield, page 66-7, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Yield, page 78, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Yield, pages 184-186, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Yield, pages 68-71, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Yield, pages 97, 216-219, 317, 323, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Yields, pages 141, 144, 216-218, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d272 ''Yields, pages 45, 49, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Yields, pages 172-174, 189-191, 201-203, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Yields, pages 66, 68, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Yield, pages 158-161, 190, 200-203, 205, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Yield, pages 66, 74, 80, 82, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Yields (in agriculture), pages 86, 87, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Yeast

2019-12-25T12:14:43Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Yeast]] is a type of [[unicellular]] [[fungus]].

===About Yeast===
: Some [[species]] of [[yeast]] produce [[ethanol]] by [[Anaerobic Respiration|anaerobic respiration]]. These are used in the production of [[bread]] and [[Alcohol (Drug)|alcohol]].
: Some [[species]] of [[yeast]] including [[Candida albicans|Candida ''albicans'']] are [[pathogen]]s that can cause [[infection]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Yeast, page 139, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Yeast, pages 242-3, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f620 ''Yeast, pages 38-39, 226, 300, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Yeast, page 43, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Xylem

2019-12-25T12:14:11Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[File:PlantVeinCrossSection.png|right|300px|thumb|A [[Magnify|magnified]] [[image]] of a [[Plant Vein|plant vein]] with '''xylem''' dyed orange.]]
The [[Xylem]] is a tube used to transport of [[water]] in [[plant]]s.

===About the Xylem===
: The '''xylem''' is made of [[Xylem Cell|xylem cells]] which have died to form hollow tubes.
: The '''xylem''' transports [[water]] and [[mineral]]s [[Absorb (Biology)|absorbed]] by the [[root]]s up to the [[Leaf|leaves]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
The [[Xylem]] is a tube used to transport of [[water]] in [[plant]]s.

===About Xylem===
: '''Xylem''' transports [[water]] and [[mineral]]s [[Absorb (Biology)|absorbed]] by the [[root]]s up to the [[Leaf|leaves]].
: [[Water]] is transported along the '''xylem''' by a process called [[transpiration]].
: The '''xylem''' supports the [[stem]] of the [[plant]] making it harder to bend under its own [[weight]].
: The '''xylem''' is formed when [[Xylem Cell|xylem cells]] create a [[chemical]] called [[lignin]] which builds up in a spiral shape around the [[Cell Wall|cell wall]]. The [[Xylem Cell|xylem cells]] then die to leave behind hollow tubes supported by the spiral of [[lignin]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Xylem, pages 10, 69, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Xylem, pages 12-13, 62-65, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f618 ''Xylem, pages 55, 70, 72-3, 108, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Xylem, pages 9, 10, 69, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Xylem, page 49, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Xylem, pages 207, 213, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Xylem, pages 71, 73, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Xylem, page 32, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Xylem, page 39, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Xylem, pages 78, 80-81, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

X-ray

2019-12-25T12:13:31Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''X-rays''' are the second highest [[frequency]] and second shortest [[wavelength]] [[Electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic waves]].

===About X-rays===
: [[X-ray]]s are [[Transverse Wave|transverse waves]].
: [[X-ray]]s can travel through a [[vacuum]] as well as through [[gas]]es in the [[Earth's Atmosphere|Earth's atmosphere]].
: The [[speed]] of [[x-ray]]s through a [[vacuum]] is 300,000,000[[m/s]].
As a [[wave]] [[x-ray]]s can be:
*[[Transmit|Transmitted]] - [[X-ray]]s can pass through a [[medium]].
*[[Absorb (physics)|Absorbed]] - The [[energy]] [[Energy Transfer|transferred]] by [[x-ray]]s can be taken in by certain [[material]]s.
*[[Reflection|Reflected]] - [[X-ray]]s can bounce off an [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]], particularly the surface of a shiny [[metal]].
*[[Refraction|Refracted]] - [[X-ray]]s can change direction when they cross the [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]].

====Unique Properties====
: [[X-ray]]s can cause [[electron]]s in many [[material]]s to gain enough [[energy]] to leave [[atom]]s creating [[ion]]s which can destroy [[Chemical Bond|chemical bonds]].
: [[X-ray]]s can penetrate soft tissue such as the [[skin]].
: [[X-ray]]s are [[refract]]ed by [[bone]]s.
: [[X-ray]]s cannot pass through heavy [[metal]]s ([[metal]]s with a high [[Atomic Mass|atomic mass]]).
====Applications====
: [[X-ray]]s can be used to create medical images of [[bone]]s because they can penetrate soft tissue such as the [[skin]] and are [[refract]]ed by [[bone]]s.
: [[X-ray]]s can be used to create medical images of the [[intestine]]s when a [[human]] [[ingest]]s [[Barium Sulphate]] because [[X-ray]]s cannot pass through heavy [[metal]]s ([[metal]]s with a high [[Atomic Mass|atomic mass]]).
====Dangers====
: [[X-ray]]s can cause cancer because [[x-ray]]s can [[Penetration Depth|penetrate]] soft [[tissue]] and can ionise and damage [[DNA]] [[molecule]]s in the body [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] leading to a [[mutation]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''X-ray diffraction, page 257, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''X-rays, pages 122, 124-5, 196-7, 208, 213, 216-17, 282, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''X-rays, pages 194, 199, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''X-rays, pages 200, 208, 211, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10444 ''X-rays, pages 223, 225, 228, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''X-rays, pages 242, 250, 251, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''X-rays, pages 261, 266, 268, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac515 ''X-rays, pages 80, 81, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''X-rays, pages 99, 196-199, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''X-rays; uses and applications, page 201, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''X-rays, page 127, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''X-rays, page 28, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''X-rays, pages 168, 171, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''X-rays, pages 43, 47, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''X-rays, pages 76, 85, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''X-rays; dangers, page 136, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''X-rays; uses, pages 134, 135, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''X-rays, pages 155-156, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''X-rays, pages 192, 194, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''X-rays, pages 66, 68, 69, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsV7SJDDCY4}}

X-axis

2019-12-25T12:13:08Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
[[File:GraphAxes.png|right|300px|thumb|A blank [[graph]] showing the [[x-axis]] and the [[y-axis]].]]
The '''x-axis''' is the line along the bottom of a [[graph]].

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
The '''x-axis''' is the [[horizontal]] axis on a [[graph]].

===About the x-axis===
: The '''x-axis''' is sometimes referred to as the 'run' while the [[y-axis]] is referred to as the 'rise'.
: In an [[investigation]] the [[Independent Variable|independent variable]] is usually plotted on the [[x-axis]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
The '''x-axis''' is the [[horizontal]] axis on a [[graph]].

===About the x-axis===
: The '''x-axis''' is sometimes referred to as the 'run' while the [[y-axis]] is referred to as the 'rise'.
: In an [[investigation]] the [[Independent Variable|independent variable]] is usually plotted on the [[x-axis]].

===References===
====OCR====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''x-axis (graphs), pages 290-291, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Work Done

2019-12-25T12:12:23Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Work Done]] is the amount of [[Energy Transfer|energy transferred]] by the action of a [[force]].

===About Work Done===
: [[Work Done]] is measured in [[Joule]]s.
: [[Work Done]] can only be calculated for [[object]]s moving in the direction of the [[force]]. If the direction of the [[force]] and the motion of an [[object]] are [[perpendicular]] then no '''work''' is being done on the [[object]] by that [[force]].

===Equation===
Work Done = (Force) x (Distance moved in the direction of the force)

<math> W = F \times d</math>

<math> W = Fd</math>
: Work done is written with a capital W. Force is written with a capital F. Distance is written with a lower case d.

===Example Calculations===
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''A person lifts a 40N box by a height of 1.2m. Calculate the work done by the person against gravity.'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''The brakes on a car apply a force of 10,000N. The car travels a distance of 15m braking. Calculate the work done by the brakes.'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''A person carries a 20N box along a horizontal path of 20m.'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
Force = 40N

Distance moved in the direction of the force = 1.2m

<math> W = Fd</math>

<math> W = 40 \times 1.2</math>

<math> W = 48J</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
Force = 10,000N

Distance moved in the direction of the force = 15m

<math> W = Fd</math>

<math> W = 10,000 \times 15</math>

<math> W = 15,000J</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
Force = 40N

Distance moved in the direction of the force = 0m

<math> W = Fd</math>

<math> W = 20 \times 0</math>

<math> W = 0J</math>

No '''work''' has been done because the movement is not in the direction of the [[force]]. The [[weight]] acts downwards but the movement was horizontal.
|}

===Work Done by Deformation===
: When an [[object]] is [[deformation|deformed]], such as a spring being stretched, '''work''' is done to [[Energy Transfer|transfer energy]] into its [[Elastic Potential Energy Store]].

====Work Done on a Spring====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:HookesLawSpring.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''Work''' is done to stretch this spring.
|}

The '''work done''' on a [[Coil Spring|spring]] can be found with the following equation

<math>W = \frac{1}{2} kx^2</math>

Where:

W = [[Work Done]]

k = [[Spring Constant]]

x = [[Extension]] of the [[object]].

==Key Stage 4==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVV0qE_qlkY}}
===Meaning===
[[Work Done]] is the amount of [[Energy Transfer|energy transferred]] by the action of a [[force]].

===About Work Done===
: [[Work Done]] is measured in [[Joule]]s.
====Work Done by a Force====
: [[Work Done]] by a [[force]] can only be calculated for [[object]]s moving in the direction of the [[force]]. If the direction of the [[force]] and the motion of an [[object]] are [[perpendicular]] then no '''work''' is being done on the [[object]] by that [[force]].
====Work Done by Electricity====
: '''Work''' can also be done by an [[Electrical Current|electrical current]] as the [[Electrostatic Field|electrostatic field]] inside a [[wire]] provides a [[force]] to move the [[electron]]s (or [[ion]]s).

===Equation for Work Done by a Force===
'' '''Work Done''' = (Force) x (Distance moved in the direction of the force)''

<math> W = Fd</math>

Where:

W = Work done

F = The [[Force]] applied to the [[object]].

d = The distance moved by the [[object]] in the direction of the [[force]].

===Equation for Work Done by Electricity===

'' '''Work Done''' = (Current) x (Potential Difference) x (time)''

<math> W = IVt</math>

Where:

W = Work done

I = The [[Electrical Current|current]] through the [[Electrical Component|component]]

V = The [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across the [[Electrical Component|component]].

t = The length of [[time]] that the [[Electrical Current|current]] is flowing.

''NB: You do not need to remember this equation. However you do need to remember the two equations which are combined to make this equation.''

1. <math> P = IV</math>

2. <math> W = Pt</math>

Where:

P = [[Power]]

''Equation 1 is [[Substitute (Maths)|substituted]] into equation 2 to give'' <math> W = IVt</math>.

===Equation for Work Done by Deformation===
<math>W = \frac{1}{2} kx^2</math>

Where:

W = [[Work Done]]

k = [[Spring Constant]]

x = [[Extension]] of the [[object]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Work done, pages 18-21, 99, 170, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Work done, pages 32, 33, 135, 136, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Work done, pages 33, 34, 155, 156, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Work done, pages 8-9, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Work done, pages 130, 195, 201, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Work done; against friction, page 201, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Work done; by brakes, page 52, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Work done; by charges, pages 224, 242, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Work done; by forces, pages 62, 63, 199, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Work done; in stretching, page 325, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Work done; on gases, page 312, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Work done, pages 168. 169, 171, 172, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Word Equation

2019-12-25T12:11:41Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A '''word Equation''' is a way of representing [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reactions]] to show the [[Reactant|reactants]] and [[Product|products]] using the names of the [[chemical]]s.

===About Word Equations===
: In a word equation the [[reactant]]s are on the left and the [[product]]s are on the right.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:ReactantsProducts.png|center|400px]]
|}
: Word equations can be used to show the names of [[chemical]]s before and after [[Chemical Reaction|reactions]] but they do not show the numbers of [[molecule]]s or the number of [[atom]]s in each [[molecule]]. For that information you need a [[Balanced Symbol Equation]].

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Hydrogen+Oxygen=Water.png|center|500px]]
|-
|[[File:Methane+Oxygen.png|center|500px]]
|-
|[[File:Magnesium+Oxygen=MagnesiumOxide.png|center|500px]]
|-
|[[File:HydrochloricAcid+LithiumOxide.png|center|500px]]
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A '''word equation''' is a way of representing [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reactions]] to show the [[Reactant|reactants]] and [[Product|products]] using the names of the [[chemical]]s.

===About Word Equations===
: In a word equation the [[reactant]]s are on the left and the [[product]]s are on the right.

===Examples===

====Combustion Reactions====
These [[combustion]] [[Chemical Reaction|reactions]] involve [[Electron Sharing|electron sharing]].
: [[Methane]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
: [[Ethane]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
: [[Propane]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]

====Oxidation Reactions====
[[Oxidation]] [[Chemical Reaction|reactions]] involve [[Electron Transfer|electron transfer]].
: [[Magnesium]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Magnesium Oxide]]
: [[Aluminium]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Aluminium Oxide]]
: [[Iron]] + [[Oxygen]] → [[Iron Oxide]]

====Displacement Reactions====
[[Displacement Reaction|Displacement]] [[Chemical Reaction|reactions]] involve [[Electron Transfer|electron transfer]].
: [[Copper Sulphate]] + [[Magnesium]] → [[Magnesium Sulphate]] + [[Copper]]
: [[Iron Chloride]] + [[Calcium]] → [[Calcium Chloride]] + [[Iron]]
: [[Lithium Hydroxide]] + [[Potassium]] → [[Potassium Hydroxide]] + [[Lithium]]
: [[Iron Oxide]] + [[Aluminium]] → [[Aluminium Oxide]] + [[Iron]]

====Neutralisation Reactions====
[[Neutralisation]] [[Chemical Reaction|reactions]] involve [[Proton Transfer|proton transfer]].
: [[Hydrochloric Acid]] + [[Lithium Oxide]] → [[Lithium Chloride]] + [[Water]]
: [[Hydrochloric Acid]] + [[Iron Oxide]] → [[Iron Chloride]] + [[Water]]
: [[Sulphuric Acid]] + [[Potassium Hydroxide]] → [[Potassium Sulphate]] + [[Water]]
: [[Sulphuric Acid]] + [[Aluminium Hydroxide]] → [[Aluminium Sulphate]] + [[Water]]
: [[Nitric Acid]] + [[Magnesium Carbonate]] → [[Magnesium Nitrate]] + [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]
: [[Nitric Acid]] + [[Titanium Carbonate]] → [[Titanium Nitrate]] + [[Carbon Dioxide]] + [[Water]]

====Thermal Decomposition Reactions====
[[Thermal Decomposition]] [[Chemical Reaction|reactions]] involve both [[Electron Sharing|electron sharing]] and [[Electron Transfer|electron transfer]].
: [[Calcium Carbonate]] → [[Calcium Oxide]] + [[Carbon Dioxide]]
: [[Copper Carbonate]] → [[Copper Oxide]] + [[Carbon Dioxide]]
: [[Zinc Carbonate]] → [[Zinc Oxide]] + [[Carbon Dioxide]]

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Word equations, page 31, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Word equations, page 31, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Word equations, page 6, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Word equations, page 12, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Word equations, page 22, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Word equations, page 75, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Word equations, page 92, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Wood

2019-12-25T12:11:21Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 1==
===Meaning===

[[File:Wood.png|right|300px|thumb|'''Wood''' comes from [[Tree|trees]].]]

'''Wood''' is a hard, opaque and bendy material that grows inside trees.

: Singular [[Noun]]: '''Wood'''
: Plural [[Noun]]: '''Wood'''
: [[Adjective]]: '''Woody'''

===About Woody===
: '''Wood''' can be used to make fires because it burns.
: '''Wood''' is used to make some tables because it is hard and can be sanded to make it smooth.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Wood, pages 322, 324, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Wood, page 223, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Wire

2019-12-25T12:10:19Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 1==
===Meaning===
[[File:Wires.png|right|300px|thumb|These wires can be used to build a circuit.]]
'''Wires''' are long pieces of metal covered in [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]].

===About Wires===
: Wires carry electricity which can hurt you.
: You should not touch a wire unless an adult says it is safe.
: If the [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]] has come off a wire and you can see the metal you should tell an adult as soon as you can.

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
A '''wire''' is a long piece of metal used to carry electricity. It is usually covered in [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]] to prevent [[Electrical Shock|electrical shocks]].

: Singular [[Noun]]: '''Wire'''
: Plural [[Noun]]: '''Wires'''
: [[Verb]]: '''To wire'''

===About Wires===
: '''Wires''' are used to connect [[Electrical Component|electrical components]] together.
: Electricity flows through the metal in the '''wires'''.
: A '''wire''' is usually covered in [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]] for safety. The [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]] is safe to touch, but if you can see the metal then it is dangerous and could electrocute you if you touched it.
: '''Wires''' come in many sizes. The thicker the wire the more electricity it carries and the more dangerous it is.
: The [[metal]] inside a '''wire''' is an [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]] which means electricity can pass through it easily.
: The [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]] covering the '''wire''' is an [[Electrical Insulator|electrical insulator]] which means electricity does not pass through it very easily.

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A '''wire''' is a long, thin piece of [[metal]] that allows electricity through it.

===About Wires===
: '''Wires''' are used to connect [[Electrical Component|electrical components]] together.
: [[Electron]]s flow through the [[metal]] in the '''wires''' as an [[Electrical Current|electrical current]].
: A '''wire''' is usually covered in an [[Electrical Insulator|insulator]] such as [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]]. This prevents [[Electrical Current|electrical current]] leaving the [[wire]] when it is touched by an [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]]. This also prevents [[electrocution]].
: The [[metal]] inside a '''wire''' is an [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]] which means electricity can pass through it easily.
: The [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]] covering the '''wire''' is an [[Electrical Insulator|electrical insulator]] which means electricity does not pass through it very easily.

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A '''wire''' is a long, thin piece of [[metal]] that allows [[electricity]] through it.

===About Wires===
: '''Wires''' are used to connect [[Electrical Component|electrical components]] together.
: [[Electron]]s flow through the [[metal]] in the '''wires''' as an [[Electrical Current|electrical current]].
: A '''wire''' is usually covered in an [[Electrical Insulator|insulator]] such as [[Plastic (Material)|plastic]]. This prevents [[Electrical Current|electrical current]] leaving the [[circuit]] when the [[wire]]s are touched. This also prevents [[electrocution]].
: [[Wire]]s are [[heated]] by an [[Electrical Current|electrical current]] passing through them.
: [[Wire]]s are designed to be a low [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] in order to allow an [[Electrical Current|electrical current]] through them without losing too much [[energy]] by [[heating]] the [[wire]]s.

===Magnetic Field of a Wire===
: When there is a [[Electrical Current|current]] in a [[wire]] the [[wire]] has a [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]] which acts around that [[wire]].

{|
|[[File:MagneticFieldLinesWire.png|center|300px]]
| style="padding: 20px; height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |The [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]] of a [[Electrical Current|current]] carrying [[wire]].
|-
|[[File:RightHandThumbRule.png|center|300px]]
| style="padding: 20px; height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |The direction of the [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]] can be shown by the 'right hand thumb rule' with thumb pointing in the direction of the [[Electrical Current|current]] the fingers will wrap around in the direction of the [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]].
|}

The strength of the [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]] of a [[wire]] depends on:
*The [[Electrical Current|current]] in the [[wire]] - The greater the [[Electrical Current|current]] the stronger the [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]].
*The distance from the [[wire]] - The greater the distance from the [[wire]] the weaker the [[Magnetic Field|magnetic field]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Wires, pages 54-55, 66-67, 69, 216-217, 229, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Wires; Characteristic graph for, page 106, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Wires; Electrons, pages 105, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Wires; Forces on, page 126-127, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Wires; Magnetic fields, pages 122-123, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Wires; Spinning coils, pages 122-123, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Wind Power

2019-12-25T12:09:39Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
'''Wind Power''' is an [[Energy Resource|energy resource]] that uses the flow of the wind to generate electricity.

===About Wind Power===
: '''Wind Power''' is a [[Renewable Energy Resource|renewable energy resource]].
: '''Wind''' has [[energy]] in the [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy store]] of the moving air.

===Power===
'''Wind Power''' can be used to generate [[electricity]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WindTurbine.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[diagram]] of a [[Wind Turbine]].
|}
: 1. Wind moves past the rotary blades of the turbine.
: 2. The turbine spins.
: 3. The turbine causes the generator to turn.
: 4. The generator makes an electrical current.

====Advantages====
*Can provide power in places not connected to the national grid.
*Do not produce pollution.
*The running cost is almost nothing.
*No fuel cost.

====Disadvantages====
*Expensive to build.
*Need over a thousand to generate the power that a single coal power station would make.
*Only work when it’s windy (70-80% of the time)
*If it is too windy they have to be stopped for safety.
*They produce a lot of noise, annoying local people.
*Cannot increase power output when more is needed.

==Key Stage 4==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJZu0552mSU}}
===Meaning===
'''Wind Power''' is an [[Energy Resource|energy resource]] that uses the flow of the wind to generate electricity.

===About Wind Power===
: '''Wind Power''' is a [[Renewable Energy Resource|renewable energy resource]].
: '''Wind''' has [[energy]] in the [[Kinetic Energy Store|kinetic energy store]] of the moving air.

===Power===
'''Wind Power''' can be used to generate [[electricity]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WindTurbine.png|center|600px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[diagram]] of a [[Wind Turbine]].
|}
: 1. Wind moves past the rotary blades of the turbine.
: 2. The turbine spins.
: 3. The turbine causes the generator to turn.
: 4. The generator makes an electrical current.

====Advantages====
*Can provide power in places not connected to the national grid.
*Do not produce pollution.
*The running cost is almost nothing.
*No fuel cost.

====Disadvantages====
*Expensive to build.
*Need over a thousand to generate the power that a single coal power station would make.
*Only work when it’s windy (70-80% of the time)
*If it is too windy they have to be stopped for safety.
*They produce a lot of noise, annoying local people.
*Cannot increase power output when more is needed.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10439 ''Wind power, page 176, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac513 ''Wind power, page 19, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Wind power, page 228, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Wind power, page 24, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Wind power, page 279, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Wind power, page 38, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Wind power, page 47, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Wind power, page 49, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Wind power, pages 32-3, 41, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Wind power, page 161, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Wind power, page 29, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Wind power, page 212, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Wind power, page 93, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

White Blood Cell

2019-12-25T12:09:06Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A '''white blood cell''' is a [[Specialised Cell|specialised cell]] which is used to fight infection.

===Adaptations of White Blood Cells===
: '''White blood cells''' have a large [[nucleus]] to make [[Antibody|antibodies]] to fight [[infection]].

===About White Blood Cells===
: '''White blood cells''' are part of the [[Immune System|immune system]].
: '''White blood cells''' are specially [[Adaptation|adapted]] to fight [[infection]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WhiteBloodCell.png|center|400px]]
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[White Blood Cell]]s are [[Specialised Animal Cell|specialised animal cells]] which protect the body from [[pathogen]]s.

===About White Blood Cells===
: '''White blood cells''' make up less than 1% of the [[blood]].
: '''White blood cells''' are produced in the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]].
: '''White blood cells''' can weaken and kill [[pathogen]]s including [[virus]]es, [[Pathogenic Fungus|fungi]], [[Pathogenic Bacteria|bacteria]] and [[Pathogenic Protist|protists]].
There are two main types of '''white blood cell''' that you should know:
*[[Phagocyte]]s - Which engulf and then break down [[pathogen]]s.
*[[Lymphocyte]]s - Which produce [[Antibody|antibodies]] which attach themselves to [[pathogen]]s to make it easier for the [[phagocyte]]s to engulf them and produce [[antitoxin]]s to cancel out the effects of [[toxic]] [[chemical]]s made by the [[pathogen]]s.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WhiteBloodCell.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:LymphocyteClipart.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A drawing of a [[phagocyte]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A drawing of a [[lymphocyte]].
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:BloodConstituents.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[diagram]] showing the [[percentage]]s of the different parts that make up [[blood]].
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f611 ''White blood cells, page 150-1, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''White blood cells, page 55, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10438 ''White blood cells, pages 32, 46, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''White blood cells, pages 36, 49, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''White blood cells, pages 53, 91, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''White blood cells, pages 55, 87-8, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''White blood cells, pages 81, 130, 131, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''White blood cells, pages 87, 136, 137, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''White blood cells, pages 103, 167, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''White blood cells, pages 164-167, 263, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''White blood cells, pages 41, 42, 61, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''White blood cells, pages 58, 59, 89, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''White blood cells, page 95, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''White blood cells, pages 31, 71, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''White blood cells, pages 77, 223, 226, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Weight

2019-12-25T12:07:42Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
[[Weight]] is how heavy or light something is.

===About Weight===
: Objects have [[weight]] because of the [[gravity]] of the [[Earth]].
: [[Weight]] can be [[Measure|measured]] using a [[Newton Meter]] or a [[Measuring Scale]].
: [[Weight]] is [[Measure|measured]] in [[Newton]]s but can also be [[Measure|measured]] in [[Stone (Unit)|stone]], [[Pound|pounds]] and [[Ounce|ounces]].
: [[Weight]] depends on the amount of [[mass]] an [[object]] has.

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Golf Ball
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Beach Ball
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Bowling Ball
|-
|[[File:Golfball.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:Beachball.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:Bowlingball.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The Golf Ball is not made of much [[material]] so it is lightest.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The Beach Ball might be the biggest but it is not the heaviest.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The Bowling Ball is made of the most [[material]], so it is the heaviest.
|}

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Weight]] is the the [[force]] on an [[object]] that is in a [[Gravitational Field|gravitational field]].

===About Weight===
: Weight is a [[force]] so it is [[Measure|measured]] in [[Newton]]s.
: Weight is a [[Non-contact Force|non-contact force]] because an [[object]] does not need to be touching the ground to be [[attract]]ed to the [[Earth]].
: Weight always acts downwards.
: All [[object]]s on [[Earth]] have [[weight]] because the [[Earth]] has a [[Gravitational Field|gravitational field]].
: Different [[planet]]s have a different strength [[Gravitational Field|gravitational field]], so the same [[object]] might '''weigh''' a different amount on different [[planet]]s.
: On [[Earth]] the [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] is roughly 10[[N/kg]]
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WeightTennisBall.png|center|75px]]
|[[File:WeightBowlingBall.png|center|150px]]
|[[File:WeightBoat.png|center|190px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Weight]] makes a tennis ball fall to the ground.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Weight]] holds the bowling ball to the ground.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |If the [[weight]] of a boat were bigger than the [[upthrust]] the boat would sink.
|-
|[[File:WeightCar.png|center|190px]]
|[[File:WeightSubmarine.png|center|190px]]
|[[File:WeightPlane.png|center|190px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[weight]] of the [[car]] acts from its [[Centre of Mass|centre of mass]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The submarine has the same [[weight]] under the water as it would on land, but in the water this is [[Balanced Forces|balanced]] by the [[upthrust]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Planes can be very heavy but their [[weight]] is [[Balanced Forces|balanced]] by the [[lift]].
|}

===Equation===
: Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength

<math>W = m \times g </math>

Where:
: W = Weight
: m = Mass
: g = Gravitational Field Strength

===Example Calculations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Calculate the [[weight]] of a 25[[kg]] object on [[Earth]].'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''A 550[[kg]] space probe is sent into deep space beyond the gravitational field of any other [[object]]. Calculate the weight of the space probe.'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''[[The Moon]] has a [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] of 1.6[[N/kg]]. Calculate the weight of a 85[[kg]] astronaut on [[The Moon]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
m = 25[[kg]]

gEarth = 10[[N/kg]]

<math>W = m \times g </math>

<math>W = 25 \times 10 </math>

<math>W = 250N </math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
m = 550[[kg]]

gDeep Space = 0[[N/kg]]

<math>W = m \times g </math>

<math>W = 550 \times 0 </math>

<math>W = 0N </math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
m = 85[[kg]]

gThe Moon = 1.6[[N/kg]]

<math>W = m \times g </math>

<math>W = 85 \times 1.6 </math>

<math>W = 136N </math>
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Weight]] is the [[force]] acting on an [[object]] in a [[Gravitational Field|gravitational field]].

===About Weight===
: The [[weight]] of an [[object]] is due to [[gravity]].
The [[magnitude]] of the [[weight]] depends on:
:*The [[mass]] of the [[object]] - The more [[mass]]ive the [[object]] the greater the [[force]] of [[weight]].
:*The [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] - The greater the [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] the greater the [[force]] of [[weight]].
: [[Weight]] always acts towards the centre of [[mass]] of a [[moon]], [[planet]] or [[star]].
: The [[weight]] of an [[object]] acts from its [[Centre of Mass|centre of mass]] (or [[Centre of Gravity|centre of gravity]]) of an [[object]].
: On [[Earth]] the [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] is 9.8[[N/kg]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WeightTennisBall.png|center|75px]]
|[[File:WeightBowlingBall.png|center|150px]]
|[[File:WeightBoat.png|center|190px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Weight]] makes a tennis ball fall to the ground.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Weight]] holds the bowling ball to the ground.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |If the [[weight]] of a boat were bigger than the [[upthrust]] the boat would sink.
|-
|[[File:WeightCar.png|center|190px]]
|[[File:WeightSubmarine.png|center|190px]]
|[[File:WeightPlane.png|center|190px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[weight]] of the [[car]] acts from its [[Centre of Mass|centre of mass]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The submarine has the same [[weight]] under the water as it would on land, but in the water this is [[Balanced Forces|balanced]] by the [[upthrust]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Planes can be very heavy but their [[weight]] is [[Balanced Forces|balanced]] by the [[lift]].
|}

===Equation===

Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength

<math>W = m \times g </math>

Where

<math>W</math> = The [[weight]] of the [[object]].

<math>W = m \times g </math> = The [[mass]] of the [[object]].

<math>W = m \times g </math> = The [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] of the [[Gravitational Field|gravitational field]] the [[object]] is in.

===Calculating Weight from Mass and Gravitational Field Strength===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Calculate the [[weight]] of a 25[[kg]] object on [[Earth]] correct to two [[Significant Figure|significant figures]]'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''A 550[[kg]] space probe is sent into deep space beyond the gravitational field of any other [[object]]. Calculate the weight of the space probe correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''[[The Moon]] has a [[Gravitational Field Strength|gravitational field strength]] of 1.6[[N/kg]]. Calculate the weight of a 85[[kg]] astronaut on [[The Moon]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities in [[SI Unit]]s.'''m = 25[[kg]]

gEarth = 9.8[[N/kg]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities in [[SI Unit]]s.'''m = 550[[kg]]

gDeep Space = 0[[N/kg]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities in [[SI Unit]]s.'''m = 550[[kg]]
m = 85[[kg]]

gThe Moon = 1.6[[N/kg]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''
<math>W = m \times g </math>

<math>W = 25 \times 9.8 </math>

<math>W = 245N </math>

<math>W \approx 250N </math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''
<math>W = m \times g </math>

<math>W = 550 \times 0 </math>

<math>W = 0.0N </math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''
<math>W = m \times g </math>

<math>W = 85 \times 1.6 </math>

<math>W = 136N </math>

<math>W \approx 140N </math>
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Weight, page 120, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10437 ''Weight, page 204, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac510 ''Weight, page 52, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Weight, pages 129, 130, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Weight, pages 149, 150, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Weight, pages 152-3, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Weight, pages 210, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Weight, pages 4-5, 10-11, 146-147, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Weight, page 150, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Weight, pages 17, 102, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Weight, pages 2, 16-17, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Weight, pages 37, 38, 333, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Weight, page 166, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Weight, page 33, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Weight, pages 63, 82, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Wave

2019-12-25T12:06:01Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A [[wave]] is a [[vibration]] that [[Energy Transfer|transfers energy]] from one location to another.

===About Waves===
: [[Wave]]s can transmit [[energy]] and information from one place to another.
: [[Wave]]s travel through a [[medium]] that allows the [[vibration]].
When a [[wave]] meets a boundary between two [[material]]s it can be:
*[[Absorb (physics)|Absorbed]] - The [[wave]] disappears and the new material gains [[energy]] from the [[wave]].
*[[Reflection|Reflected]] - The [[wave]] bounces off the new [[material]].
*[[Refraction|Refracted]] - The [[wave]] enters the new [[medium]] changing direction as it does.
: There are two types of [[wave]]; [[Transverse Wave|transverse]] and [[Longitudinal Wave|longitudinal]].
: In [[Longitudinal Wave|longitudinal waves]] the [[vibration]] is in the same direction as the [[Energy Transfer|energy transfer]].
: In [[Transverse Wave|transverse waves]] the [[vibration]] is [[perpendicular]] to the direction as the [[Energy Transfer|energy transfer]].

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''[[Transverse Wave]]'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''[[Longitudinal Wave]]'''
|-
|[[File:TransverseWave.gif|center]]
|[[File:LongitudinalWave.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a [[Transverse Wave|transverse wave]] on a string where the [[vibration]] is [[perpendicular]] to the motion of the '''wave'''.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This is a [[Longitudinal Wave|longitudinal wave]] on a string where the [[vibration]] is [[parallel]] to the motion of the '''wave'''.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Water Waves'''
|-
|[[File:WaveFrequency.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A water '''wave''' appears as a [[Transverse Wave|transverse]] from the surface.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Sound Waves'''
|-
|[[File:VibrateSound1.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Sound '''waves''' are [[Longitudinal Wave|longitudinal]] '''waves''' of compression.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Light Waves'''
|-
|[[File:EMWave.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Light '''waves''' are [[Electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic waves]], which are [[Transverse Wave|transverse]] with the [[vibration]] at right angles to the motion of the wave.
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Waves, page 181, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10429 ''Waves, page 219, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Waves, pages 187-190, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Waves, pages 190-237, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Waves, pages 224-227, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac500 ''Waves, pages 73-90, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Waves, page 164, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Waves, page 32, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves, pages 48-49, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves, pages 88-110, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves; absorbed, page 56, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; absorption, page 98, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves; crossing boundaries, pages 56-57, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; dangers of EM waves, page 136, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; infrasound, page 109, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves; longitudinal, page 58, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; longitudinal, pages 88, 89, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; reflection, pages 98, 115, 116, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; refraction, pages 98-102, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; seismic waves, pages 109, 11, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Waves; seismic, page 37, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Waves; sound, page 35, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; sound, pages 95, 103, 104, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves; speed, pages 50-51, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; speed, pages 93-97, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; transmission, page 98, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves; transmitted, page 56, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Waves; transverse, page 58, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; transverse, page 88, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; ultrasound, pages 106-108, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Waves; velocity, pages 164-66, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Waves; velocity, pages 32-36, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; wavefronts, pages 90, 101, 102, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Waves; wavelength, page 91, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves, page 142-165, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves, pages 186-194, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Behaviour of, pages 142-149, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Electromagnetic waves, pages 142, 152-159, 242, 264-265, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Frequency, pages 153, 256-257, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Interactions, pages 162-165, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Lenses, pages 162-163, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Light and colour, pages 164-165, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves; longitudinal, page 186, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; longitudinal, pages 59, 64, 101, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Mechanical waves, pages 142, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Models of, pages 143, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; pages 59-72, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; pages 59-72, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Period, pages 142-143, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves; reflection, page 189, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; reflection, pages 61, 62, 64, 65, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves; refraction, pages 190, 191, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; refraction, pages 61, 63, 64, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Seismic waves, pages 244-245, 256, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Sound waves, pages 142, 145-149, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves; sound, page 187, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; sound, pages 59, 60, 64, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Speed, pages 144-145, 256-257, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves; transverse, pages 186, 192, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Waves; transverse, pages 59, 66, 101, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Velocity, pages 144-145, 256-257, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Waves; water ripples, page 188, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Waves; Wavelength, pages 142-144, 153, 256, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Wavelength

2019-12-25T12:04:11Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Wavelength]] is the distance between a point on one [[wave]] and an identical point on the next [[wave]].

===About Wavelength===
: [[Wavelength]] is [[measure]]d in [[metre]]s.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Wavelength.png|center|400px]]

|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[wavelength]] is the length of one [[wave]] including the peak and trough.
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Wavelength]] is the distance between two identical points on adjacent [[wave]]s.

===About Wavelength===
: [[Wavelength]] is a [[scalar]] quantity because it has [[magnitude]] only.
: The [[SI Unit]] of [[wavelength]] is the [[metre]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Wavelength.png|center|400px]]

|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[wavelength]] is the length of one [[wave]] including the peak and trough.
|}

===Equation===
''NB: You should remember this equation with v as the subject of the formula.''
Wavelength = (Wave Speed)/(Frequency)

<math>\lambda = \frac{v}{f}</math>

Where

<math>\lambda</math> = The [[wavelength]] of the [[wave]].

<math>v</math> = The [[Wave Speed|wave speed]] of the [[wave]].

<math>f</math> = The [[frequency]] of the [[wave]].

===Example Calculations===
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:center;" |A [[wave]] with [[frequency]] 700Hz travels at a [[speed]] of 340m/s. Calculate the [[wavelength]] of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:center;" |A 630MHz [[radiowave]] travels at 300,000,000m/s in a [[vacuum]]. Calculate the [[wavelength]] of this [[radiowave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

f = 700Hz

v = 340m/s
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

f = 630MHz = 630x106Hz

v = 300,000,000m/s = 3x108m/s
|-
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math> \lambda = \frac{v}{f}</math>

<math> \lambda = \frac{340}{700}</math>

<math> \lambda = 0.48571m</math>

<math> \lambda \approx 0.48m</math>

| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math> \lambda = \frac{v}{f}</math>

<math> \lambda = \frac{630 \times 10^6}{3 \times 10^8}</math>

<math> \lambda = 2.1m</math>
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Wavelength, page 183, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10426 ''Wavelength, page 219, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac495 ''Wavelength, page 73, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Wavelength, pages 189, 191, 194, 196, 200, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Wavelength, pages 191-3, 200-1, 213, 237, 288-9, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Wavelength, pages 226, 228, 231, 233, 242, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Wavelength, pages 257, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Wavelengths, pages 176, 190-191, 194, 205-206, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Wavelength, pages 164-166, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Wavelength, pages 32, 34, 40, 61, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Wavelength, pages 49, 94, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Wavelength, pages 142-144, 153, 256, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Wavelength, pages 186-188, 192, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Wavelength, pages 59-61, 63, 66, 70, 98, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Wave Speed

2019-12-25T12:01:51Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Wave Speed]] is how quickly a [[wave]] travels through a [[medium]].

===About Wave Speed===
: [[Wave Speed]] is measured in [[metres per Second|metres per second]].
: The '''wave speed''' states how quickly [[energy]] and [[information]] can be transferred by a [[wave]].

===Equation===
====Equation 1====
<math>v = \dfrac{x}{t}</math>

Where:

v = '''Wave Speed'''

x = distance traveled

t = time taken to travel

====Equation 2====

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>v = f \times \lambda</math>

Where:

v = '''Wave Speed'''

f = [[frequency]] of the [[wave]]

λ = [[wavelength]] of the [[wave]]

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Wave Speed]] is how quickly a [[wave]] travels through a [[medium]].

===About Wave Speed===
: '''Wave speed''' is a [[scalar]] because it has [[magnitude]] only.
: The [[SI Unit]] of [[Wave Speed|wave speed]] is [[Metres per Second|metres per second]].
: The '''wave speed''' states how quickly [[energy]] and [[information]] can be transferred by a [[wave]].
: '''Wave speed''' can change depending on the [[medium]] the [[wave]] is travelling through.
: When a [[wave]] enters a new [[medium]] it will change in [[speed]].

===Equation===
====Equation 1====
<math>v = \dfrac{x}{t}</math>

Where

v = '''Wave Speed'''

x = distance traveled

t = time taken to travel

====Equation 2====
<math>v = f \lambda</math>

Where:

v = '''Wave Speed'''

f = [[frequency]] of the [[wave]]

λ = [[wavelength]] of the [[wave]]

===Example Calculations===

====Finding Wave Speed from Distance Travelled and Time Taken====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |A scientist [[observe]]s a [[wave]] in a ripple tank. The length of the tank is 0.75m and it takes the [[wave]] 1.2 seconds to get from one end of the tank to the other. Calculate the '''wave speed''' of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |A surfer wants to know how fast the [[wave]]s are travelling on a windy day. The surfer observes a [[wave]] takes 15 [[second]]s to travel between two buoys. The surfer knows the distance between the buoys is 63m. Calculate the [[speed]] of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

x = 0.75m

t = 1.2s
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

x = 63m

t = 15s
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = \dfrac{x}{t}</math>

<math>v = \dfrac{0.75}{1.2}</math>

<math>v = 0.625m/s</math>

<math>v \approx 0.63m/s</math>
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = \dfrac{x}{t}</math>

<math>v = \dfrac{63}{15}</math>

<math>v = 4.2m/s</math>
|}

====Finding Wave Speed from Wavelength and Frequency====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |A [[Water Wave|water wave]] has a [[wavelength]] of 1.6m and a frequency of 1.5Hz. Calculate the [[speed]] of the [[wave]].
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |A ray of [[ultraviolet]] [[light]] with a [[frequency]] of 7.5x1014Hz and [[wavelength]] of 0.30μm in an [[Optical Fibre|optical fibre]]. Calculate the [[speed]] of the [[wave]] through that [[Optical Fibre|optical fibre]] correct to 2 [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

f = 1.5Hz

λ = 1.6m
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

f = 7.5x1014Hz

λ = 0.30μm = 0.30x10-6m
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>v = 1.5 \times 1.6</math>

<math>v = 2.4m/s</math>

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>v = 7.5 \times 10^14 \times 0.30 \times 10^{-6}</math>

<math>v = 225000000m/s</math>

<math>v \approx 2.3 \times 10^8 m/s</math>
|}

====Finding Wavelength using Wave Speed and Frequency====

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:center;" |A [[wave]] with [[frequency]] 700Hz travels at a [[speed]] of 340m/s. Calculate the [[wavelength]] of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:center;" |A 630MHz [[radiowave]] travels at 300,000,000m/s in a [[vacuum]]. Calculate the [[wavelength]] of this [[radiowave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

f = 700Hz

v = 340m/s
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

f = 630MHz = 630x106Hz

v = 300,000,000m/s = 3x108m/s
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers and [[Evaluate (Maths)|evaluate]].'''

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>340 = 700 \times \lambda</math>

| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers and [[Evaluate (Maths)|evaluate]].'''

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>3 \times 10^8 = 630 \times 10^6 \times \lambda</math>
|-
| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''3. [[Rearrange (Maths)|Rearrange]] the equation and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math> \lambda = \dfrac{340}{700}</math>

<math> \lambda = 0.48571m</math>

<math> \lambda \approx 0.48m</math>

| style="height:20px; width: 300px; text-align:left;" |'''3. [[Rearrange (Maths)|Rearrange]] the equation and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math> \lambda = \dfrac{630 \times 10^6}{3 \times 10^8}</math>

<math> \lambda = 2.1m</math>
|}

====Finding Frequency using Wave Speed and Wavelength====

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |A [[microwave]] travelling at a speed of 3.0x108m/s has a [[wavelength]] of 0.051m. Calculate the [[frequency]] of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |An [[ultrasound]] [[wave]] of [[wavelength]] 0.125m passes through an [[Iron]] block at a [[speed]] of 5000m/s. Calculate the [[frequency]] of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

v = 3.0x108m/s

λ = 0.051m
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

v = 5000m/s

λ = 0.125m
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers and [[Evaluate (Maths)|evaluate]].'''

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>3.0 \times 10^8 = f \times 0.051</math>
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers and [[Evaluate (Maths)|evaluate]].'''

<math>v = f \lambda</math>

<math>5000 = f \times 0.125</math>
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''3. [[Rearrange (Maths)|Rearrange]] the equation and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math> f = \dfrac{3.0 \times 10^8}{0.051}</math>

<math> f = 5882352941Hz</math>

<math> f \approx 5900000000Hz</math>
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''3. [[Rearrange (Maths)|Rearrange]] the equation and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math> f = \dfrac{5000}{0.125}</math>

<math> f = 40000Hz</math>
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Wave speed, pages 176-177, 186-187, 190-191, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10425 ''Wave speed, pages 220, 221, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Wave speed, pages 258, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac499 ''Wave speed, pages 73, 74, 76, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Wave speed; Electromagnetic waves, pages 262, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Wave speed; measurement of, pages 185-6, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Wave speed; Measurement of, pages 259, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Waves speed, page 184, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10436

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Wave speed, pages 187, 188, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Watt

2019-12-25T12:01:06Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Watt]]s are the scientific [[unit]] of [[power]].

===About Watts===
: [[Watt]]s are shortened with an upper case W.

===Converting to Watts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Unit'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''To convert'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Watts'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[Megawatt]] (1MW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Watt]]s x1000,000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1000,000W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[kilowatt]] (1kW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Watt]]s x1000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1000W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[Watt]] (1W)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Watt]]s x1.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[milliwatt]] 1(mW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Watt]]s /1000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |0.001W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[microwatt]] 1(µW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Watt]]s /1000,000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |0.000001W
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Watts''' ('''W''') are the [[SI Unit]] for [[power]].
===About Watts===
: '''Watts ''' are shortened to an upper case '''W'''.
===Converting to Watts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Unit'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''To convert'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Watts'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[megawatt]] (1MW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Watts''' x106
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x106W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[kilowatt]] (1kW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Watts''' x103
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x103W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[Watt]] (1W)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Watts''' x1
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[milliwatt]] 1(mW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Watts''' x10-3
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x10-3W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[microwatt]] 1(µW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Watts''' x10-6
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x10-6W
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[nanowatt]] 1(nW)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Watts''' x10-9
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x10-9W
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Watts (W), page 10, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Watts (W), page 267, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Watts, pages 20-21, 68-69, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Watts (W), pages 80, 131, 154, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Watts (W), pages 114, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Water

2019-12-25T12:00:26Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 1==
===Meaning===

[[File:Water.png|right|300px|thumb|Water can flow because it is a liquid.]]

'''Water''' is a [[transparent]] [[liquid]] needed by all [[Alive|life]] on [[Earth]].

: Singular [[Noun]]: '''Water'''
: Plural [[Noun]]: '''Water'''

===About Water===
: '''Water''' is can be used to wash clothes because it is a liquid.
: '''Water''' flows down rivers and into the sea because it is a liquid.
: If '''water''' gets too hot it turns into steam.
: If '''water''' gets too cold it becomes ice.

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
'''Water''' is a [[transparent]] [[liquid]] needed by all [[Alive|life]] on [[Earth]].
===About Water===
: '''Water''' can be [[freezing|frozen]] into [[ice]] if it is cooled down below 0°C.
: '''Water''' [[evaporating|evaporates]] into [[Water Vapour|water vapour]].
: The higher the temperature the quicker '''water''' [[Evaporating|evaporates]].
: At 100°C water boils and turns into [[steam]].

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Water]] is a [[liquid]] (at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]]) chemical [[Compound|compound]] with the [[Chemical Formula|chemical formula]] H2O.

===About Water===
: '''Water''' can be [[freezing|frozen]] into [[ice]] if it is cooled down below 0°C.
: '''Water''' [[evaporating|evaporates]] into [[Water Vapour|water vapour]].
: The higher the temperature the quicker '''water''' [[Evaporating|evaporates]].
: At 100°C water boils and turns into [[steam]].
: [[Water]] [[Chemical Reaction|react]]s with [[metal]]s above [[Hydrogen]] on the [[Reactivity Series|reactivity series]] to produce [[Metal Hydroxide]]s which are [[alkali]]ne.

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Water]] is a [[liquid]] (at [[Room Temperature|room temperature]]) chemical [[Compound|compound]] with the [[Chemical Formula|chemical formula]] H2O.

===About Water===
: '''Water''' can be [[freezing|frozen]] into [[ice]] if it is cooled down below 0°C.
: '''Water''' [[evaporating|evaporates]] into [[Water Vapour|water vapour]].
: The higher the temperature the quicker '''water''' [[Evaporating|evaporates]].
: At 100°C water boils and turns into [[steam]].
: [[Water]] [[Chemical Reaction|react]]s with [[metal]]s above [[Hydrogen]] on the [[Reactivity Series|reactivity series]] to produce [[Metal Hydroxide]]s which are [[alkali]]ne.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Water, page 85, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Water, pages 262-3, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Water, pages 44-45, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Water, pages 59, 64-5, 72, 99, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Water; distillation, pages 10, 14, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Water; for chemical analysis, page 14, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Water; for drinking, pages 14-15, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Water treatment, page 148, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; ‘Heavy matter’, pages 171, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Water; balance/regulation, pages 120-121, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Water; body requirements, page 124, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Water; boiling point, pages 10-11, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Boiling point, pages 10-11, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Changes of state, pages 30-31, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; corrosion of metals, pages 216-219, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; distillation, pages 270-271, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; electrolysis, page 124, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Freezing of, pages 6-7, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Liquid pressure, pages 40, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Water; pollution, page 191, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; purification, pages 44, 258-259, 270-271, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; reaction with metals, pages 132, 133, 141, 142, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Rockets, pages 36, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Specific heat capacity, pages 28-29, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Water; Specific latent heat, pages 31, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; treatment for drinking, pages 258-259, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Water; vapour, page 44, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwtO04EXgUE}}

Water Treatment

2019-12-25T11:59:56Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Water treatment''' is the process of removing [[harmful]] [[material]]s from waste [[water]] before being released into the environment.

===About Water Treatment===
:Sewage is '''treated''' in several stages to make it safe to be released into the environment:
:#[[Filtration]] - A metal grill with large holes is used to collect large [[object]]s that have made their way into sewage.
:#[[Sedimentation]] - Sediment is allowed to fall to the bottom of a container and is removed.
:#Digestion - [[Micro-organism]]s are added to the sediment to break down many of the [[chemical]]s into smaller [[soluble]] ones.
:#Disinfection - [[Chlorine]] of [[Ultraviolet Light]] is used to kill the [[micro-organism]]s before then being released into rivers or the ocean.
:'''Water Treatment''' is important for providing [[Potable Water|potable water]] for [[human]] consumption.
===Extra Information===
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G244Q4AGJ7U}}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d270 ''Water treatment, page 103, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10422 ''Water treatment, pages 163-165, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Water treatment, pages 195-8, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Water treatment, pages 252-3, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Water treatment, page 104, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Water treatment, page 41, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Water treatment, pages 112, 113, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Water treatment, page 148, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Water Cycle

2019-12-25T11:59:13Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
The '''Water Cycle''' is how water from the ocean creates clouds which then fall as rain, running down rivers back into the ocean.

===About The Water Cycle===
: Without the '''water cycle''' we could not have fresh water in rivers and lakes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WaterCycle.png|center|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:500px; text-align:left;" |The '''water cycle''' has three phases:
*[[Evaporating|Evaporation]]
*[[Condensing|Condensation]]
*Precipitation
|}

====Evaporating====
Water in oceans, lakes and rivers evaporates to become water vapour.
The warmer the weather the quicker the water evaporates.

====Condensing====
Water vapour that rises high into the air, cools down, and condenses into millions of water droplets that we call a cloud.

====Precipitation====
Water droplets in a cloud group together and when the droplets are big enough they fall as rain. When the water droplets can freeze to become snow.

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
The '''Water Cycle''' is a series of processes that recycle [[water]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
The '''Water Cycle''' is a series of processes that recycle [[water]].

===About The Water Cycle===
: The '''water cycle''' provides a constant supply of fresh water in rivers and lakes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:WaterCycle.png|center|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:500px; text-align:left;" |The '''water cycle''' happens due to several processes:
*[[Evaporating|Evaporation]]
*[[Transpiration]]
*[[Condensing|Condensation]]
*Precipitation
|}

====Evaporation====
[[Water]] in [[ocean]]s, lakes and rivers [[Evaporation|evaporate]]s to become [[Water Vapour|water vapour]].
The warmer the weather the quicker the water [[Evaporation|evaporate]]s.

====Transpiration====
[[Water]] [[Absorb (Biology)|absorbed]] through the [[root]]s of [[plant]]s travels up to the [[leaf|leaves]] where it [[evaporating|evaporates]].

====Condensation====
[[Water Vapour|Water vapour]] that rises high into the [[air]], cools down, and [[Condensing|condenses]] into millions of [[water]] droplets that we call a cloud.

====Precipitation====
[[Water]] droplets in a cloud group together and when the droplets are big enough they fall as rain. When the [[water]] droplets can freeze to become snow.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Water cycle, page 112, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Water cycle, page 269, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Water cycle, page 279, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Water cycle, page 330, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10421 ''Water cycle, page 89, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Water cycle, pages 259-60, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Water cycle, pages 97, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Water cycle, page 103, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Water cycle, page 303, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Water cycle, page 72, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Water cycle, pages 196-197, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Water cycle, page 241, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Water cycle, page 44, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Water cycle, page 58, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Water Bath

2019-12-25T11:58:19Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[File:WaterBath.png|right|300px|thumb|A picture of an electronic '''water bath'''.]]
A '''water bath''' is a container full of [[water]] kept at a constant [[temperature]].

===About Water Baths===
: Some physical and chemical changes are sensitive to [[temperature]]. When a specific [[temperature]] between 0°C and 100°C is needed then a '''water bath''' is used.
: [[Chemical]]s are not poured into a '''water bath''' but another container, such as a [[beaker]], [[Test Tube|test tube]] or [[Boiling Tube|boiling tube]] are placed in the '''water bath'''.
: A '''water bath''' may have a heating element and a thermostat to keep a constant [[temperature]]
: A '''water bath''' may be some [[water]] in a large [[beaker]] which can be [[heat]]ed by a [[Bunsen Burner]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A '''water bath''' is a container full of [[water]] kept at a constant [[temperature]].

===About Water Baths===
: Some physical and chemical changes are sensitive to [[temperature]]. When a specific [[temperature]] between 0°C and 100°C is needed then a '''water bath''' is used.
: [[Chemical]]s are not poured into a '''water bath''' but another container, such as a [[beaker]], [[Test Tube|test tube]] or [[Boiling Tube|boiling tube]] are placed in the '''water bath'''.
: A '''water bath''' may have a heating element and a thermostat to keep a constant [[temperature]]
: A '''water bath''' may be some [[water]] in a large [[beaker]] which can be [[heat]]ed by a [[Bunsen Burner]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Water baths, page 127, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10420 ''Water baths, page 238, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Water baths, page 240, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Water baths, page 291, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Water baths, page 318, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Water baths, page 371, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Water baths, page 112, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Water baths, page 211, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Water baths, page 319, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Water baths, page 326, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Water baths, page 105, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Water baths, page 111, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Water baths, page 223, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Water baths, page 257, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Disposal

2019-12-25T11:56:31Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Disposal''' is to get rid of waste.

===References===
====OCR====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Waste disposal, page 226, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Volumetric Pipette

2019-12-25T11:55:11Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:VolumetricPipette.png|right|300px|thumb|Text]]
A '''volmetric pipette''' is a type of [[pipette]] designed to transfer an exact [[Volume (Space)|volume]] of [[liquid]] from one container to another.

===About Volumetric Pipettes===
: '''Volumetric pipettes''' give an [[accurate]] [[Volume (Space)|volume]].
: '''Volumetric pipettes''' are used in [[titration]] [[experiment]]s in order to transfer an exact [[Volume (Space)|volume]] of a [[solution]].

===References===
====OCR====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Volumetric pipettes, page 166, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Volume (Space)

2019-12-25T11:52:24Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
'''Volume''' is the amount of space an [[object]] takes up.

===About Volume===
: The '''volume''' of a regular solid like a cuboid can be found by using a [[ruler]] to [[measure]] the [[length]], [[width]] and [[height]] of an [[object]] then multiply those numbers together.
: The '''volume''' of a [[liquid]] can be found by pouring it into a [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]].
: The '''volume''' of an irregular solid can be found by pouring [[water]] into a [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]] to a known '''volume''' then placing the irregular solid into the [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]], making sure it sinks. The [[water]] level will increase. This increase is the same as the '''volume''' of the irregular solid.
: There are several common [[unit]]s for [[Measure|measuring]] '''volume''':
*[[Metres Cubed]] - Used for '''volumes''' the size of a room or bigger.
*[[Centimetres Cubed]] - Used for small quantities of [[liquid]].
*[[Litre]]s - Used on drinks bottles.
*[[Millilitre]]s - Used for small quantities of [[liquid]].

: [[Centimetres Cubed]] and [[Millilitre]]s are the same '''volume'''.

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Volume''' is the amount of space an [[object]] takes up.

===About Volume===
: The '''volume''' of a regular solid like a cuboid can be found by using a [[ruler]] to [[measure]] the [[length]], [[width]] and [[height]] of an [[object]] then multiply those numbers together.
: The '''volume''' of a [[liquid]] can be found by pouring it into a [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]].
: The '''volume''' of an irregular solid can be found by pouring [[water]] into a [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]] to a known '''volume''' then placing the irregular solid into the [[Measuring Cylinder|measuring cylinder]], making sure it sinks. The [[water]] level will increase. This increase is the same as the '''volume''' of the irregular solid.
: The [[SI Unit]] of '''volume''' is the [[Metres Cubed|metre cubed]].
: '''Volume''' is a [[scalar]] quantity as it has [[magnitude]] but does not have a direction.
: There are several common [[unit]]s for [[Measure|measuring]] '''volume''':
*[[Metres Cubed]] - Used for '''volumes''' the size of a room or bigger.
*[[Decimetres Cubed]] - Used for the '''volume''' of [[gas]]es produced in a [[Chemical Reaction|chemical reaction]]. 1 [[mol]] of [[gas]] is 24dm3 at [[STP|standard temperature and pressure]].
*[[Centimetres Cubed]] - Used for small quantities of [[liquid]].
*[[Litre]]s - Used on drinks bottles.
*[[Millilitre]]s - Used for small quantities of [[liquid]].

: [[Centimetres Cubed]] and [[Millilitre]]s are the same '''volume'''.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Volume, of a regular object, page 183, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Volume, page 106, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Volume, page 96, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Volume, pages 88-89, 275-276, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Volume, pages 13, 17, 18, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Volume, pages 24, 36-37, 250, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Volume, pages 27, 151, 155, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Volume, pages 72-73, 259, 291, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Volumes, pages 164, 170-171, 174, 305, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Volt

2019-12-25T11:51:39Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A [[Volt]] (V) is the scientific [[unit]] of [[Potential Difference]].

===About Volts===
: [[Volt]]s are shortened to an upper case V.
: A typical square [[battery]] is 9V.

===Converting to Volts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Unit'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''To convert'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Volts'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[Megavolt]] (1MV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Volt]]s x1000,000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1000,000V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[kilovolt]] (1kV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Volt]]s x1000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1000V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[volt]] (1V)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Volt]]s x1.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[millivolt]] 1(mV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Volt]]s /1000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |0.001V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[microvolt]] 1(µV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to [[Volt]]s /1000,000.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |0.000001V
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Volts''' ('''V''') are the [[SI Unit]] for [[Electrical Current|current]].
===About Volts===
: '''Volts ''' are shortened to an upper case '''V'''.
: A [[volt]] is one [[Joule]] per [[Coulomb]].

===Converting to Volts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Unit'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''To convert'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Volts'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[megavolt]] (1MV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Volts''' x106
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x106V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[kilovolt]] (1kV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Volts''' x103
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x103V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[Volt]] (1V)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Volts''' x1
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[millivolt]] 1(mV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Volts''' x10-3
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x10-3V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[microvolt]] 1(µV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Volts''' x10-6
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x10-6V
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1 [[nanovolt]] 1(nV)
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Convert to '''Volts''' x10-9
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |1x10-9V
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Volts (V), page 294, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Volts (V), page 39, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Volts, page 143, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Volts (V), pages 100, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Voltmeter

2019-12-25T11:50:33Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[File:AnalogueVoltmeter.png|right|300px|thumb|A picture showing an analogue [[voltmeter]].]]
A [[voltmeter]] is a measuring device used to [[measure]] the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] between two points in a [[Electrical Circuit|circuit]].

===About Voltmeters===
: [[Voltmeter]]s are added in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] to [[Electrical Component|component]]s in a [[Electrical Circuit|circuit]] to find the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] between two points.
: An ideal [[voltmeter]] has infinite [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] because otherwise adding an [[voltmeter]] to a [[circuit]] would change the [[Potential Difference]] between two points.
: [[Voltmeter]]s can be [[Analogue Voltmeter|analogue]] with a needle pointing to numbers on a dial or it can be [[Digital Voltmeter|digital]] with a number display.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Circuit+Diagram3.png|center|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A '''voltmeter''' placed in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] with a [[Electrical Bulb|bulb]].
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A [[voltmeter]] is a measuring device used to [[measure]] the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] between two points in a [[Electrical Circuit|circuit]].

===About Voltmeters===
: [[Voltmeter]]s are added in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] to [[Electrical Component|component]]s in a [[Electrical Circuit|circuit]] to find the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] between two points.
: An ideal [[voltmeter]] has infinite [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] because otherwise adding an [[voltmeter]] to a [[circuit]] would change the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] between the two points.
: [[Voltmeter]]s can be [[Analogue Voltmeter|analogue]] with a needle pointing to numbers on a dial or it can be [[Digital Voltmeter|digital]] with a number display.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Using a voltmeter on components in series.
|-
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbBulbSeries.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbBulbSeries.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |To [[measure]] the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across bulb 1 the [[voltmeter]] must be placed in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] with bulb 1.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |To [[measure]] the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across bulb 2 the [[voltmeter]] must be placed in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] with bulb 2.
|-
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbVoltmeterBulbSeries.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbBulbVoltmeterSeries.png|center|200px]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Using a voltmeter on components in parallel.
|-
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbBulbParallel2.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbBulbParallel2.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |To [[measure]] the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across bulb 1 the [[voltmeter]] must be placed in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] with bulb 1.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |To [[measure]] the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across bulb 2 the [[voltmeter]] must be placed in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]] with bulb 2.
|-
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbVoltmeterBulbParallel.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:CircuitDiagramBatteryBulbBulbVoltmeterParallel.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" colspan = "2"|In this case both [[voltmeter]]s will give the same [[measure]]ment because the [[Electrical Component|components]] themselves are in [[Parallel Circuit|parallel]].
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Voltmeter, pages 52-3, 56, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10415 ''Voltmeters, page 239, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Voltmeters, page 41, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Voltmeters, page 52, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac489 ''Voltmeters, pages 25, 106, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Voltmeters, pages 293, 296, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Voltmeters, pages 60, 61, 235, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Voltmeters, pages 62, 63, 331, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Voltmeters; calibration of, page 316-17, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Voltmeters; calibration of, pages 64-5, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Voltmeters; circuit symbol, page 38, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Voltmeters, page 143, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Voltmeters, pages 186, 210, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltmeters, pages 220, 338, 339, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Voltmeters, pages 73, 106, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Voltmeters, pages 101-103, 259, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Voltmeters, pages 178, 224, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Voltmeters, pages 45, 49, 105, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Electrical Potential

2019-12-25T11:50:09Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Voltage]] is the strength of an [[Electrostatic Field|electrostatic field]].

===About Voltage===
: [[Voltage]] is often misused to refer to [[Potential Difference]].
: There can be no [[Electrical Current|current]] between two points with the same [[voltage]]. They must have a different [[voltage]] for there to be a [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] and therefore a [[Electrical Current|current]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Electrical Potential''' is the strength of an [[Electrostatic Field|electrostatic field]].

===About Electrical Potential===
: '''Electrical potential''' is also known as '''voltage'''.
: '''Electrical potential''' is related to [[Potential Difference|potential difference]]. When there is a difference in the '''electrical potential''' between two points then a [[Electrical Charge|charge]] will flow through a [[Electrical Conductor|conductor]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Voltage (potential difference), pages 62-67, 89, 90, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Voltage (potential difference), pages 64-69, 92, 93, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Voltage (potential difference); in parallel, pages 74, 75, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Voltage (potential difference); in series, pages 70, 71, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Voltage (potential difference); induced, pages 303-306, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Voltage (potential difference); measuring, pages 331, 332, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac488 ''Voltage, page 24, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Voltage, pages 120-121, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10406 ''Voltage, pages 180, 181, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Voltage, pages 64-65, 226-229, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Voltage, pages 142-143, 174, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Voltage, pages 184, 185, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltage, pages 221, 222, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Voltage, pages 71, 72, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltage; alternating, pages 246, 282, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltage; direct, pages 246, 283, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltage; in parallel circuits, pages 235, 236, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltage; in series circuits, pages 231, 232, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Voltage; induced, pages 280-283, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Voltages, pages 230-231, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Light

2019-12-25T11:47:23Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
'''Light''' is what we can see with our eyes and '''dark''' is when there is not enough '''light''' to see things clearly.
===About Light and Dark===
: '''Light''' can be very bright or it can be very '''dark'''.
: When '''light''' is very bright it can hurt our eyes. '''Light''' from [[The Sun]] is very bright and we shouldn't look at [[The Sun]] because it can cause people to go blind.
: When there is not enough light to see we say it is '''dark'''. At night time it is very '''dark''' which is why it is hard to see.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:LightDarkRoom.png|center|400px]]
|[[File:LightManBoyBulb.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |No-one can see because there is no '''light''' so the room is '''dark'''.
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |The man can see the light bulb because light from the bulb goes into the man's eyes. The boy cannot see the light bulb because his eyes are closed.
|}

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Light]] is a [[wave]] that transfers [[energy]] and [[information]].

===About Light===
: [[Light]] is a [[Transverse Wave|transverse wave]].
: [[Light]] can travel through a [[vacuum]] as well as through any [[transparent]] [[solid]], [[liquid]], [[gas]].
: The [[speed]] of [[light]] through a [[vacuum]] is 300,000,000[[m/s]].
As a [[wave]] [[light]] can be:
*[[Transmit|Transmitted]] - [[Light]] can pass through a [[medium]].
*[[Absorb (physics)|Absorbed]] - The [[energy]] [[Energy Transfer|transferred]] by [[light]] can be taken in by an [[opaque]] [[material]].
*[[Reflection|Reflected]] - [[Light]] can bounce off a surface. This can be either [[Diffuse Reflection]] or [[Specular Reflection]].
*[[Refraction|Refracted]] - [[Light]] can change direction when it changes [[medium]].
===Medium===
: [[Light]] can travel through a [[transparent]] [[medium]] but it does not need [[matter]] to travel through as it can pass through a [[vacuum]].
: [[Light]] can travel through any [[transparent]] [[solid]], [[liquid]], [[gas]].
: [[Light]] travels most quickly through a [[vacuum]].
: [[Light]] travels most slowly through [[solid]]s.

===Colour===
[[Light]] can be divided into 7 [[colour]]s:
*Red
*Orange
*Yellow
*Green
*Blue
*Indigo
*Violet

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Visible light''' is an [[Electromagnetic Wave|electromagnetic wave]] that [[human]]s can see.

===About Light===
====Properties====
: '''Visible light''' is a [[Transverse Wave|transverse wave]].
: '''Visible light''' can travel through a [[vacuum]] as well as through any [[transparent]] [[solid]], [[liquid]], [[gas]].
: The [[speed]] of '''visible light''' through a [[vacuum]] is 300,000,000[[m/s]].
As a [[wave]] [[light]] can be:
*[[Transmit|Transmitted]] - '''Visible light''' can pass through a [[medium]].
*[[Absorb (physics)|Absorbed]] - The [[energy]] [[Energy Transfer|transferred]] by '''visible light''' can be taken in by an [[opaque]] [[material]].
*[[Reflection|Reflected]] - '''Visible light''' can bounce off the [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]]. This can be either [[Diffuse Reflection]] or [[Specular Reflection]].
*[[Refraction|Refracted]] - '''Visible light''' can change direction when it crosses the [[interface]] between two [[medium|media]].
=====Colour=====
: Different [[frequency|frequencies]] of '''visible light''' are [[reflect]]ed or [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by different surfaces giving them colour.
'''Visible light''' can be divided into 7 [[colour]]s:
*Red - The lowest [[frequency]] and longest [[wavelength]] of '''visible light'''.
*Orange
*Yellow
*Green
*Blue
*Indigo
*Violet - The highest [[frequency]] and shortest [[wavelength]] of '''visible light'''.

====Applications====
: '''Visible light''' is used for [[sight]], photography, microscopy, telescopy because it can be seen with the [[human]] [[eye]].
: '''Visible light''' can be used in [[Fibre Optics|fibre optic]] communication because it is not [[Absorb (Physics)|absorbed]] by the [[glass]] that the fibres are made from and it is [[reflection|reflected]] internally by the [[interface]] between the [[glass]] and the [[air]].
====Dangers====
: There are no dangers of '''visible light''', unless it is extremely intense in which case it could cause blindness.
===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Light year, page 274, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Light, models of, page 336, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Light, pages 124, 126-127, 131, 154-157, 176-177, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Light, pages 192, 202-213, 238-239, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; red-shift, page 256, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; reflection of, pages 188-90, 195, 197, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; refraction of, pages 195-6, 198, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; spectrum of, pages 207-8, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; transmission and absorption of, pages 189-90, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Light; uses and applications, page 200, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Visible light, pages 190-1, 226-7, 234, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Visible light, pages 192, 206-207, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Visible light, pages 200, 207, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10405 ''Visible light, pages 223, 225, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Visible light, pages 242, 249, 253, 254, 261, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac486 ''Visible light, pages 76, 85, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Visible light; lenses, pages 266-276, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Visible light; reflection and refraction, pages 195-197, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Visible light; reflection and refraction, pages 232-238, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac487 ''Visible light; refraction and reflection, pages 77, 80, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light, page 68, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; angle of incidence, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; angle of reflection, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; filters, page 69, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; ray diagrams, pages 66-67, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; red shift, pages 124-125, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; reflection, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; refraction, page 66, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; transmission, page 69, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; visible spectrum, page 68, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Light; white light, page 68, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Visible light, pages 127, 137, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Visible light, pages 168, 171, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Visible light, pages 40, 43, 47, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Visible light, pages 72, 78, 95, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Visible light; colour, pages 137-139, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Visible light; uses, page 134, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Light, pages 189-192, 194, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Light, pages 61-63, 66, 68, 70-72, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Light, plant responses to, pages 49, 51-53, 83, 110-111, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Light; reflection page 189, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Light; reflection, pages 61, 62, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Light; refraction, pages 190, 191, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Light; refraction, pages 61, 63, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Visible light, pages 152, 164-165, 264-265, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Visible light, pages 192, 194, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXxZRZxafEQ}}

Virus

2019-12-25T11:44:05Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
[[File:VirusClipart.png|right|300px|thumb|A clipart image of a [[virus]].]]
===Meaning===
A [[virus]] is a type [[pathogen]] that can [[Infection|infect]] individual [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] in an [[organism]].

===About Viruses===
: '''Viruses''' are made from a strand of [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] and a [[Protein Sheath|protein sheath]].
: '''Viruses''' cannot reproduce outside a [[host]] [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] so they are not considered to be [[alive]].
: When a '''virus''' comes in contact with a target [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] it attaches itself to the [[Cell Membrane|cell membrane]] and then injects its [[DNA]] (or [[RNA]]) into the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]]. Once this is done the [[DNA]] causes the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] to start making copies of the [[virus]]. When millions of copies have been made they burst out, killing the [[Cell (Biology)|cell]]. These millions of [[virus]]es can then go on to [[infection|infect]] other [[Cell (Biology)|cells]].
: Different [[virus]]es can only attach themselves to certain types of [[Cell (Biology)|cell]], so they can all have very different effects on the [[organism]] depending on which type of [[Cell (Biology)|cell]] they [[infection|infect]].

===Examples===
: The [[measles]] [[virus]] causes causes a rash, blindness and [[brain]] damage.
: [[HIV]] causes a [[disease]] called [[AIDS]] which has the symptoms of a weakened [[Immune System|immune system]] which leads to other [[infection]]s.
: [[Tobacco Mosaic Virus]] is a [[virus]] which causes Tomato Plants and Tobacco Plants to grow slowly.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f601 ''Virus, pages 129, 138-41, 300, 304, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Viruses, pages 124, 126, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Viruses, pages 130, 132, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10404 ''Viruses, pages 42, 44, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Viruses, pages 46, 47, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Viruses, pages 76-77, 84-85, 115, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Viruses, pages 153, 155-159, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Viruses, pages 39, 40, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Viruses, pages 55, 56, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Viruses, pages 87, 103, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Viruses; life cycle, pages 106-107, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Viruses; vectors for, pages 195, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Viruses, pages 24-25, 209, 211, 215-216, 221, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Viruses, pages 67, 68, 72, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Viruses, pages 91, 92, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqGuJhOeMek}}

Virtual Image

2019-12-25T11:43:44Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4 Higher==
===Meaning===
A '''virtual image''' is an [[image]] which appears to come from a location, different from the actual location of the [[object]].

===About Virtual Images===
: A '''virtual image''' is seen when looking:
:*Through a [[Convex Lens|convex lens]].
:*Through a [[Concave Lens|concave lens]]
:*Into a [[Plane Mirror|plane mirror]].
: '''Virtual images''' can me [[magnify|magnified]] or [[diminished]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Virtual images, pages 203, 209, 211, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Virtual images, pages 268, 269, 272, 274, 275, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac485 ''Virtual images, pages, 83, 84, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Virtual images; from a concave lens, page 206, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Virtual images; in a mirror, page 189, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Virtual image, page 71, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Virtual images, page 120, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Virtual images, pages 41, 42, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Virtual images, pages 163, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Villi

2019-12-25T11:43:14Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[File:VilliPicture.png|right|300px|thumb|A computer generated image of many villi.]]
[[Villi]] are small folds in the wall of the [[Small Intestine|small intestine]] that increase its [[Surface Area|surface area]].

: Singular [[Noun]]: '''Villus'''
: Plural [[Noun]]: '''Villi'''

===Adaptations of Villi===
: [[Villi]] have a wall only one cell thick so the [[nutrient]]s only have a short distance to [[Diffusion|diffuse]] into the [[blood]].
: [[Villi]] have [[Capillary|capillaries]] inside them for a good blood supply to allow for quick [[diffusion]] into the [[blood]].
: [[Villi]] have a large [[Surface Area|surface area]] to allow quicker [[diffusion]].
: The [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] in the walls of the [[villi]] have [[microvilli]] to provide an even bigger [[Surface Area|surface area]] for quicker [[diffusion]].

===About Villi===
: [[Villi]] cover inside of the [[Small Intestine|small intestine]].
: [[Villi]] increase the [[Surface Area|surface area]] of the [[Small Intestine|small intestine]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:VillusDiagram.png|center|400px]]
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:VilliPicture.png|right|300px|thumb|A computer generated image of many villi.]]
[[Villi]] are small folds in the wall of the [[Small Intestine|small intestine]] that increase its [[Surface Area|surface area]].

===Adaptations of Villi===
: [[Villi]] have a wall only one cell thick so the [nutrient]]s only have a short distance to [[Diffusion|diffuse]] into the [[blood]].
: [[Villi]] have [[Capillary|capillaries]] in order to constantly supply enough fresh [[blood]] with few [[nutrients]] keeping a high [[Concentration Gradient|concentration gradient]] between the food and the [[blood]].
: [[Villi]] have a large [[Surface Area|surface area]] to allow quicker [[diffusion]].
: The [[Cell (Biology)|cells]] in the walls of the [[villi]] have [[microvilli]] to provide an even bigger [[Surface Area|surface area]] for quicker [[diffusion]].

===About Villi===
: [[Villi]] cover inside of the [[Small Intestine|small intestine]].
: [[Villi]] increase the [[Surface Area|surface area]] of the [[Small Intestine|small intestine]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:VillusDiagram.png|center|400px]]
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10403 ''Villi, page 21, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Villi, page 24, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Villi, page 45, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Villi, page 59, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Villi, page 65, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Villi, pages 15, 23, 39, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Villi, page 34, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Villi, pages 63, 73, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Vibration

2019-12-25T11:42:47Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
A '''vibration''' is when something moves back and forward very quickly.

: Singular [[Noun]]: '''Vibration'''
: Plural [[Noun]]: '''Vibrations'''
: [[Verb]]: '''To vibrate'''

===About Vibration===
: Anything that '''vibrates''' makes a [[sound]].
: If something '''vibrates''' quickly it makes a high [[Pitch|pitched]] [[sound]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:ViolinVibration.gif|center]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |This slow motion video shows a violin string '''vibrating'''.
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Vibration, pages 195-6, 201, 206-7, 222, 256, 262, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Vibrations, pages 142, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Venus

2019-12-25T11:01:16Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
[[File:Venus.png|right|300px|thumb|A picture of [[Venus]].]]
[[Venus]] is a [[Rocky Planet|rocky planet]] which is the second closest [[planet]] to [[The Sun]].

===About Venus===
: [[Venus]] is about the same size as [[Earth]].

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Venus]] is a [[Rocky Planet|rocky planet]] which is the second closest [[planet]] to [[The Sun]].

===About Venus===
: [[Venus]] is about the same size as [[Earth]].
: [[Venus]] has a very thick [[atmosphere]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Venus]] is a [[Rocky Planet|rocky planet]] which is the second closest [[planet]] to [[The Sun]].

===About Venus===
: [[Venus]] is about the same size as [[Earth]].
: [[Venus]] has a very thick [[atmosphere]].

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvXa1n9fjow}}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Venus, atmosphere of, pages 167-8, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Venus, pages 249, 259, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Venus, pages 276-7, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158762/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158762&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a0fffa35b3ea49a63404f6704e0df7cc ''Venus, pages 296, 298, GCSE Chemistry; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Venus, pages 238, 240, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Ventricle

2019-12-25T11:00:39Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:HeartChambers.png|right|300px|thumb|A [[diagram]] showing the 4 chambers of the [[heart]] with the '''ventricles''' at the bottom.]]
The '''ventricles''' are chambers in the bottom of the [[heart]] where [[blood]] leaves through [[artery|arteries]].

===About the Ventricles===
: The [[ventricle]]s are separated from the [[atria]] by [[Heart Valve|heart valves]].
: The [[heart]] has two '''ventricles'''. A [[Right Ventricle|right '''ventricle''']] and a [[Left Ventricle|left '''ventricle''']]
: The [[Right Ventricle|right '''ventricle''']] receives [[deoxygenated]] [[blood]] from the [[Right Atrium|right atrium]] and pumps the [[blood]] out of the [[heart]] through the [[Pulmonary Artery]] to the [[lung]]s.
: The [[Left Ventricle|left '''ventricle''']] receives [[oxygenated]] [[blood]] from the [[Left Atrium|left atrium]] and pumps the [[blood]] out of the [[heart]] through an [[artery]] called the [[Aorta]] which takes the [[blood]] to the rest of the body.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f597 ''Ventricle, pages 114-5, 121, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10402 ''Ventricles, page 30, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Ventricles, page 34, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Ventricles, pages 52, 53, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Ventricles, pages 56, 58, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Ventricles, pages 73, 75, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Ventricles, pages 79, 81, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Ventricles, page 168, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Ventricles, page 76, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Velocity-Time Graph

2019-12-25T10:59:21Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A '''velocity-time graph''' is a [[graph]] that shows how the [[velocity]] of an [[object]] changes with [[time]].

===About Velocity Time Graphs===
: '''Velocity-time graphs''' give information about the journey taken by an [[object]].
: On a '''velocity-time graph''' the [[velocity]] is plotted on the [[y-axis]] and the [[time]] is plotted on the [[x-axis]].
: A '''velocity-time graph''' can be used to calculate the [[acceleration]] of an [[object]] or the [[distance]] travelled by the [[object]].
: The [[gradient]] of a '''velocity-time graph''' is the same as the [[acceleration]].
: The [[area]] under the curve on a '''velocity-time graph''' is the [[distance]] travelled by an [[object]].

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Constant Velocity'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Accelerating'''
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Decelerating'''
|-
|[[File:vtGraphConstantv.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:vtGraphAccelerating.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:vtGraphDecelerating.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[gradient]] of zero shows the [[object]] is travelling at a constant [[velocity]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Acceleration]] is shown by a positive [[gradient]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[Deceleration]] is shown by a negative [[gradient]].
|}

===Example Calculations===
====Calculating Acceleration====
: The [[acceleration]] can be calculated from a '''velocity-time graph''' by reading the [[graph]] and using the equation <math>a=\frac{v-u}{t}</math>.
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''Calculate the [[acceleration]] of the object in this journey.'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''Calculate the [[acceleration]] of the object in this journey.'''
|-
|[[File:vtGraphCalculateAcceleration1.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:vtGraphCalculateAcceleration2.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
v = 40m/s

u = 20m/s

t = 8s
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
v = 10m/s

u = 40m/s

t = 8s
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>a = \frac{v-u}{t}</math>

<math>a = \frac{40-20}{8}</math>

<math>a = \frac{20}{8}</math>

<math>a = 2.5m/s/s</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>a = \frac{v-u}{t}</math>

<math>a = \frac{10-40}{8}</math>

<math>a = \frac{-30}{8}</math>

<math>a = -3.75m/s/s</math>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:500px; text-align:left;" colspan = "3"|'''Calculate the [[acceleration]] of the [[object]] at each stage in this journey.'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:500px; text-align:left;" colspan = "3"|[[File:vtGraph1.png|centre|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''A'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''B'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''C'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
[[File:vtGraphCalculateAcceleration3.png|centre|150px]]
v = 30m/s

u = 0m/s

t = 2s
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
[[File:vtGraphCalculateAcceleration3.png|centre|150px]]
v = 30m/s

u = 30m/s

t = 3s
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
[[File:vtGraphCalculateAcceleration3.png|centre|150px]]
v = 50m/s

u = 30m/s

t = 3s
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>a = \frac{v-u}{t}</math>

<math>a = \frac{30-0}{2}</math>

<math>a = \frac{30}{2}</math>

<math>a = 15m/s/s</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>a = \frac{v-u}{t}</math>

<math>a = \frac{30-30}{3}</math>

<math>a = \frac{0}{3}</math>

<math>a = 0m/s/s</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>a = \frac{v-u}{t}</math>

<math>a = \frac{50-30}{3}</math>

<math>a = \frac{20}{3}</math>

<math>a = 6.7m/s/s</math>
|}

====Calculating Distance Travelled====
: The [[distance]] travelled can be calculated from a '''velocity-time graph''' by breaking the [[graph]] into simple shapes and finding the [[area]] of those shapes. This may use the equations <math>area = base \times height</math> for rectangular shapes and <math>area = \frac{base \times height}{2}</math> for triangular shapes.

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''Calculate the [[distance]] travelled by the [[object]] in this journey.'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''Calculate the [[distance]] travelled by the [[object]] in this journey.'''
|-
|[[File:vtGraphCalculateArea1.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:vtGraphCalculateArea2.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''
base = 8s

height = 30m/s
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''
base = 8s

height = 40m/s
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>area = b \times h</math>

<math>area = 8 \times 30</math>

<math>area = distance = 250m</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>area = \frac{b \times h}{2}</math>

<math>area = \frac{8 \times 40}{2}</math>

<math>area = \frac{320}{2}</math>

<math>area = distance = 160m</math>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:500px; text-align:left;" colspan = "3"|'''Calculate the distance travelled by the [[object]] at each stage in this journey.'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:500px; text-align:left;" colspan = "3"|[[File:vtGraph1.png|centre|500px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''A'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''B'''
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''C'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
[[File:vtGraphCalculateArea3.png|centre|150px]]
b = 2s

h = 30m/s
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
[[File:vtGraphCalculateArea3.png|centre|150px]]
b = 3s

h = 30m/s
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:left;" |'''State the known [[variable]]s.'''
[[File:vtGraphCalculateArea3.png|centre|150px]]
b = 3s

h1 = 30m/s

h2 = 50m/s
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>area = \frac{b \times h}{2}</math>

<math>area = \frac{2 \times 30}{2}</math>

<math>area = \frac{60}{2}</math>

<math>area = distance = 30m</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>area = b \times h</math>

<math>area = 3 \times 30</math>

<math>area = distance = 90m</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>area = b \times h</math>

<math>area = 3 \times 30</math>

<math>area = distance = 90m</math> for yellow shaded area.

<math>area = \frac{b \times h}{2}</math>

<math>area = \frac{3 \times (50-30)}{2}</math>

<math>area = \frac{60}{2}</math>

<math>area = distance = 30m</math> for red area.

''Total distance = 120m''
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Velocity-time graph, pages 148-9, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10400 ''Velocity-time graphs, page 211, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Velocity-time graphs, pages 136, 138-141, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Velocity-time graphs, pages 152-3, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Velocity-time graphs, pages 155-157, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Velocity-time graphs, pages 186-188, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Velocity-time graphs, pages 230-1, 234, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac484 ''Velocity-time graphs, pages 62, 63, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Velocity-time graphs; area under, pages 156, 157, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Velocity-time graphs; area under, pages 187, 188, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Velocity-time graphs; for falling objects, page 192, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Velocity-time graphs, page 162, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Velocity-time graphs, page 25, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Velocity

2019-12-25T10:52:28Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[Velocity]] is very similar to [[speed]] but it includes the direction an [[object]] is moving.

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Velocity]] is a [[vector]] quantity describing the [[speed]] and direction of a moving [[object]].

===About Velocity===
: [[Velocity]] is a [[scalar]] because it has [[magnitude]] and direction.
: The [[SI Unit]] for the [[magnitude]] of [[velocity]] is [[Metres per Second|metres per second]] (m/s).
: [[Velocity]] is different from its [[scalar]] counterpart '[[speed]]' because [[speed]] does not include the direction of travel.
: The [[velocity]] of an [[object]] can change while the [[speed]] remains constant.

===Equation===
[[Velocity]] = (Displacement) / (time)

<math>v = \frac{s}{t}</math>

Where

<math>v</math> = Velocity of the [[object]].

<math>s</math> = The [[displacement]] between the starting point and end point of a journey.

<math>t</math> = The [[time]] taken between the two points.

===Example Calculations===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[wave]] travels 1000m in a time of 12.5s. Calculate the [[magnitude]] of the [[velocity]] of the [[wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |[[The Moon]] is approximately 390,000km away from the Earth. It takes a [[Radio Wave]] 1.3 seconds to travel that [[distance]]. Calculate the [[magnitude]] of the [[velocity]] of the [[Radio Wave]] correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |An [[Alpha Particle|alpha particle]] can travels around 6cm from a source taking 4.0ns before colliding with an [[air]] [[molecule]]. Calculate the [[magnitude]] of its [[velocity]] on this journey correct to two [[Significant Figures|significant figures]].
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

s = 1000m

t = 12.5s
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

s = 390,000km = 390,000,000m

t = 1.3s
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''1. State the known quantities'''

s = 6cm = 0.06m

t = 4.0ns = 4.0 x 10-9m
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = \frac{s}{t}</math>

<math>v = \frac{1000}{12.5}</math>

<math>v = 80m/s</math>

| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = \frac{s}{t}</math>

<math>v = \frac{390000000}{1.3}</math>

<math>v = 300,000,000m/s</math>

| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |'''2. [[Substitute (Maths)|Substitute]] the numbers into the [[equation]] and [[Solve (Maths)|solve]].'''

<math>v = \frac{s}{t}</math>

<math>v = \frac{0.06}{4.0 \times 10^{-9}}</math>

<math>v = 15,000,000m/s</math>

|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Velocity, pages 117, 148, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Velocity, pages 136-141, 144-155, 157, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Velocity, pages 141, 143, 146-9, 182-3, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Velocity, pages 147, 178-180, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Velocity, pages 147-149, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Velocity, pages 207, 226, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10398 ''Velocity, pages 208, 210, 211, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac480 ''Velocity, pages 60, 61,62, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Velocity, page 22, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Velocity, pages 12, 13, 15, 17, 106, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Velocity, pages 145, 146, 148, 150, 210, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Velocity/time graphs, page 148, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Velocity/time graphs, page 15, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Velocity/time graphs, pages 30-32, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Velocity/time graphs, pages 8-9, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Velocity; distance/time graphs, pages 27, 28, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Velocity, pages 157, 159, 162, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Velocity, pages 21, 22, 25, 29, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Velocity; And acceleration, pages 51, 53, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Velocity; And speed, pages 50, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Velocity; Calculation, pages 55, 58, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Velocity; Terminal velocity, pages 70, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Velocity; velocity-time graphs, pages 56-57, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Vein

2019-12-25T10:50:08Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
An [[vein]] is a [[blood vessel]] which carries [[blood]] to the [[heart]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
An [[vein]] is a [[blood vessel]] which carries low [[pressure]] [[blood]] to the [[heart]].

===Adaptations of Veins===
: [[Vein]]s have a thin layer of [[muscle]] because the [[blood]] is a low [[pressure]].
: [[Vein]]s have few layers of elastic [[tissue]] as the [[blood]] is a low [[pressure]].
: [[Vein]]s have [[valve]]s in them to stop the [[blood]] flowing in the wrong direction because it is such a low [[pressure]].
: [[Vein]]s often pass between [[muscle]]s which work with the [[valve]]s by contracting to force the [[blood]] through the [[vein]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Vein.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A [[diagram]] of a [[vein]].
|}

===About Veins===
: Most, but not all, '''veins''' carry [[deoxygenated]] [[blood]].
:The pulmonary '''vein''' carries [[oxygenated]] [[blood]] from the [[lung]]s to the [[heart]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f595 ''Vein, pages 113, 205, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10397 ''Veins, page 31, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Veins, page 35, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Veins, page 78, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Veins, page 84, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Veins, pages 51, 53-4, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Veins, pages 51, 53-4, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Veins, pages 54-55, 141, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Veins, page 167, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Veins, page 265, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Veins, page 62, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Veins, page 90, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Veins, page 30, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Veins, page 37, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Veins, pages 75-76, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAPHmFjkcu4}}

Vector

2019-12-25T10:47:43Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A [[vector]] is a quantity with both [[magnitude]] and direction.

===About Vectors===
[[Vector]] quantities include:
*[[Force]]s <math>\overrightarrow{F}</math> - A push or a pull which has a [[magnitude]] (size) and a direction.
*[[Displacement]] <math>\overrightarrow{s}</math> - The distance and direction from one point in space to another.
*[[Velocity]] <math>\overrightarrow{v}</math> - The [[speed]] and direction that an [[object]] is moving.
*[[Acceleration]] <math>\overrightarrow{a}</math> - The rate of change of [[velocity]] and the direction of this change.
If a quantity does not include direction, then it is called a [[scalar]], not a [[vector]].

===Representing Vectors===
: [[Vector]]s are written with either an underline (<math>\underline{F}</math>,<math>\underline{s}</math>,<math>\underline{v}</math>,<math>\underline{a}</math>) or an arrow above (<math>\overrightarrow{F}</math>,<math>\overrightarrow{s}</math>,<math>\overrightarrow{v}</math>,<math>\overrightarrow{a}</math>).
: [[Vector]]s are often drawn on [[diagram]]s. They are drawn as an arrow because an arrow can show the [[magnitude]] (the length of the arrow) and the direction (which way the arrow is pointing).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Vectora.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:Vectorb.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[vector]] <math>\underline{a}</math> is shown by this arrow. The length of the arrow represents the [[magnitude]] of the [[vector]] and the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the [[vector]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[vector]] <math>\underline{b}</math> is shown by this arrow. The length of the arrow represents the [[magnitude]] of the [[vector]] and the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the [[vector]].
|-
| style="height:100px; width:400px; text-align:left;" colspan= "2"|The arrow <math>\underline{b}</math> is shorter than the arrow <math>\underline{a}</math> so the [[vector]] <math>\underline{b}</math> has a smaller [[magnitude]] than <math>\underline{a}</math>. It can also be seen that [[vector]] <math>\underline{b}</math> has a different direction to [[vector]] <math>\underline{a}</math>.
|}
: Using a [[diagram]] two [[vector]] quantities can be added together by drawing the arrows end to end.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Vectora+b.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:Vectora+b=c.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The two [[vector]]s can be added by placing the start of one [[vector]] at the end of the other.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A new [[vector]] <math>\underline{c}</math> is created from the addition of <math>\underline{a}</math> and <math>\underline{b}</math>.

<math>\underline{a}+\underline{b}=\underline{c}</math>
|-
| style="height:100px; width:400px; text-align:left;" colspan= "2"|If the [[vector]]s are drawn [[accuracy|accurately]] in [[length]] using a [[ruler]] and in direction using a [[protractor]] the [[length]] and direction of the new [[vector]] can be [[measure]]d from the [[diagram]]. This type of [[Scale Diagram]] can be used to find the [[magnitude]] and direction of the new [[vector]] without calculation.
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Vector, pages 143, 157, 162-3, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Vector; diagram, page 157, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Vectors, pages 114-115, 130-131, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Vectors, pages 117, 148, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Vectors, pages 127, 147, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Vectors, pages 147, 148, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Vectors, pages 207, 226, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10396 ''Vectors, pages 42, 203, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac479 ''Vectors, pages 51, 54, 60, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Vectors, pages 83, 224-225, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Vectors, pages, 46, 48, 99, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Vectors; Drawing them, pages 208, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, page 240, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, page 294, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Vectors; momentum as, page 170, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Vectors; Momentum as, pages 245, 246, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Vectors; of disease pages 130, 133 ,135, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Vectors; of disease, pages 124, 127, 129, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Vectors; representation by arrows, page 119, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Vectors (biology), pages 37, 39, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vectors (disease transfer), page 105, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vectors (genetic), page 89, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Vectors, page 12, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Vectors, pages 22, 205, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Vectors, pages 2-3, 132, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Vectors, pages 3, 12, 121, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Vectors; in disease, page 55, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Vectors; in disease, pages 154, 156, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, page 52, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, pages 144, 155, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vectors; viruses, page 195, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Vector quantities, page 157, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Vectors (genetic engineering), page 204, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Vectors, pages 50-51, 65, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ml4NSzCQobk}}

Vector

2019-12-25T10:46:29Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A [[vector]] is a quantity with both [[magnitude]] and direction.

===About Vectors===
[[Vector]] quantities include:
*[[Force]]s <math>\overrightarrow{F}</math> - A push or a pull which has a [[magnitude]] (size) and a direction.
*[[Displacement]] <math>\overrightarrow{s}</math> - The distance and direction from one point in space to another.
*[[Velocity]] <math>\overrightarrow{v}</math> - The [[speed]] and direction that an [[object]] is moving.
*[[Acceleration]] <math>\overrightarrow{a}</math> - The rate of change of [[velocity]] and the direction of this change.
If a quantity does not include direction, then it is called a [[scalar]], not a [[vector]].

===Representing Vectors===
: [[Vector]]s are written with either an underline (<math>\underline{F}</math>,<math>\underline{s}</math>,<math>\underline{v}</math>,<math>\underline{a}</math>) or an arrow above (<math>\overrightarrow{F}</math>,<math>\overrightarrow{s}</math>,<math>\overrightarrow{v}</math>,<math>\overrightarrow{a}</math>).
: [[Vector]]s are often drawn on [[diagram]]s. They are drawn as an arrow because an arrow can show the [[magnitude]] (the length of the arrow) and the direction (which way the arrow is pointing).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Vectora.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:Vectorb.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[vector]] <math>\underline{a}</math> is shown by this arrow. The length of the arrow represents the [[magnitude]] of the [[vector]] and the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the [[vector]].
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The [[vector]] <math>\underline{b}</math> is shown by this arrow. The length of the arrow represents the [[magnitude]] of the [[vector]] and the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the [[vector]].
|-
| style="height:100px; width:400px; text-align:left;" colspan= "2"|The arrow <math>\underline{b}</math> is shorter than the arrow <math>\underline{a}</math> so the [[vector]] <math>\underline{b}</math> has a smaller [[magnitude]] than <math>\underline{a}</math>. It can also be seen that [[vector]] <math>\underline{b}</math> has a different direction to [[vector]] <math>\underline{a}</math>.
|}
: Using a [[diagram]] two [[vector]] quantities can be added together by drawing the arrows end to end.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Vectora+b.png|center|300px]]
|[[File:Vectora+b=c.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The two [[vector]]s can be added by placing the start of one [[vector]] at the end of the other.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |A new [[vector]] <math>\underline{c}</math> is created from the addition of <math>\underline{a}</math> and <math>\underline{b}</math>.

<math>\underline{a}+\underline{b}=\underline{c}</math>
|-
| style="height:100px; width:400px; text-align:left;" colspan= "2"|If the [[vector]]s are drawn [[accuracy|accurately]] in [[length]] using a [[ruler]] and in direction using a [[protractor]] the [[length]] and direction of the new [[vector]] can be [[measure]]d from the [[diagram]]. This type of [[Scale Diagram]] can be used to find the [[magnitude]] and direction of the new [[vector]] without calculation.
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Vector, pages 143, 157, 162-3, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Vector; diagram, page 157, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Vectors, pages 114-115, 130-131, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Vectors, pages 117, 148, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Vectors, pages 127, 147, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Vectors, pages 147, 148, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Vectors, pages 207, 226, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10396 ''Vectors, pages 42, 203, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac479 ''Vectors, pages 51, 54, 60, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Vectors, pages 83, 224-225, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Vectors, pages, 46, 48, 99, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Vectors; Drawing them, pages 208, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, page 240, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, page 294, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Vectors; momentum as, page 170, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Vectors; Momentum as, pages 245, 246, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Vectors; of disease pages 130, 133 ,135, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Vectors; of disease, pages 124, 127, 129, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Vectors; representation by arrows, page 119, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Vectors (biology), pages 37, 39, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vectors (disease transfer), page 105, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vectors (genetic), page 89, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Vectors, page 12, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Vectors, pages 22, 205, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Vectors, pages 2-3, 132, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Vectors, pages 3, 12, 121, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Vectors; in disease, page 55, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Vectors; in disease, pages 154, 156, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, page 52, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Vectors; in genetic engineering, pages 144, 155, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vectors; viruses, page 195, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Vector quantities, page 157, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ml4NSzCQobk}}

Vasodilation

2019-12-25T10:45:02Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Vasodilation''' is when [[Blood Vessel|blood vessels]] become wider, allowing through a greater [[Volume (Space)|volume]] of [[blood]].

===About Vasodilation===
: '''Vasodilation''' of [[capillary|capillaries]] in the [[skin]] takes place during [[thermoregulation]] when the [[Body Temperature|body temperature]] becomes too high. This allows [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy]] to be lost via the [[skin]] to the surroundings.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Vasodilation, page 182, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f594 ''Vasodilation, page 188-9, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Vasodilation, page 201, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Vasodilation, page 72, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Vasodilation, pages 144-5, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vasodilation, page 155, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Vasodilation, page 244, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Vasodilation, page 117, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Vasoconstriction

2019-12-25T10:43:45Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Vasoconstriction''' is when [[Blood Vessel|blood vessels]] become narrower, allowing through a smaller [[Volume (Space)|volume]] of [[blood]].

===About Vasoconstriction===
: '''Vasoconstriction''' of [[capillary|capillaries]] in the [[skin]] takes place during [[thermoregulation]] when the [[Body Temperature|body temperature]] becomes too low. This reduces the amount of [[Thermal Energy Store|thermal energy]] lost via the [[skin]] to the surrounding environment.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Vasoconstriction, page 183, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f593 ''Vasoconstriction, page 188-9, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Vasoconstriction, page 202, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Vasoconstriction, page 72, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Vasoconstriction, pages 144-5, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Vasoconstriction and dilation, page 83, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Vasoconstriction, page 155, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Vasoconstriction, page 245, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Vasoconstriction, page 117, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']

Variation

2019-12-25T10:42:50Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
'''Variation''' is the difference between living creatures.

: Singular [[Noun]]: '''Variation'''
: Plural [[Noun]]: '''Variations'''
: [[Verb]]: '''To vary'''
: [[Adjective]]: '''Varied'''

===About Variation===
: There is [[variation]] between different species; different species look different from each other.
: There is [[variation]] within a species, creatures of the same species don't look exactly the same as each other.
: '''Variation''' is useful to help a species survive. If everyone was the same, what kills one person might kill everyone.
: '''Variation''' within a [[species]] can be [[Inheritance|inherited]] or caused by the environmental. Some people are born with 3 fingers (inherited variation) but others might lose fingers in an accident (environmental variation).

===Examples of Inherited Variation===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:EyeColour.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:VariationFrogs.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:VariationSnails.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |Eye colour '''varies''' from person to person.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |The pattern on the backs of frogs shows '''variation'''.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |'''Variation''' in patterns on snail shells means some are better camouflaged than others.
|}

===Examples of Environmental Variation===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:VariationMice.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:VariationTwins.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |These mice are identical twins, but one has damaged its tail. The difference is an example of '''environmental variation'''.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:center;" |One of these identical twins has decided to grow a mustache the other has decided to shave completely. This is '''environmental variation'''.
|}

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
'''Variation''' is the difference between living creatures.

===About Variation===
: There is [[variation]] between different species; different species look different from each other.
: There is [[variation]] within a species, creatures of the same species don't look exactly the same as each other.
: Variation can be [[Continuous Variation|continuous]] or it can be [[Discontinuous Variation|discontinuous]].

===Continuous Variation===
: '''Continuous variation''' is '''variation''' where the differences change gradually across the [[species]].
Some examples of '''continuous variation''' are:
*Height
*Weight
*Nose Length
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:HeightBellCurve.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |This [[graph]] shows how height varies across a [[population]] of [[human]]s.
|}

===Discontinuous Variation===
: '''Discontinuous variation''' is '''variation''' where the creatures fall into specific categories where they can only be one or the other, not half way in between.
Some examples of '''discontinuous variation''' are:
*Eye colour
*Number of legs
*Ability to roll the tongue
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:BarChartEyeColour.png|center|400px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:400px; text-align:center;" |This [[Bar Chart]] shows the number of people in a class with each eye colour. They cannot be half way between blue and brown, so eye colour is discontinuous.
|}

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Variation''' is the difference between [[organism]]s in an [[ecosystem]].

===About Variation===
: There is [[variation]] between different [[species]]; different [[species]] look different from each other.
: There is [[variation]] within a [[species]], [[organism]]s of the same [[species]] don't look exactly the same as each other.
: [[Variation]] can be [[Continuous Variation|continuous]] or it can be [[Discontinuous Variation|discontinuous]].
: [[Variation]] within a [[species]] is the result of both [[genetic]] and environmental factors.
: The greater the [[genetic]] [[variation]] within a [[species]] the more likely a [[species]] will survive changes in the environment. Individuals may die, but with enough [[variation]] some of them will be better [[Adaptation|adapted]] to the change in their environment.

===Genetic Variation===
: Most of the [[variation]] between different [[species]] can be accounted for by the [[DNA]] differences between those [[species]].
: The [[variation]] within a [[species]] is due to [[mutation]]s causing different [[phenotype]]s. These [[variation]]s caused by [[mutation|genetic mutations]] are the source of [[Evolution by Natural Selection|evolution]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10395 ''Variation, page 73, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Variation, page 95, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Variation, pages 199, 208-213, 218-234, 236-241, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Variation, pages 23, 197, 198-200, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Variation, pages 230, 231, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Variation, pages 255, 282, 283, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f586 ''Variation, pages 272-3, 277, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Variation; Causes of, page 46, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Variation; Continuous and discontinuous, pages 47, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f587 ''Variation; continuous, page 272, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f588 ''Variation; discontinuous, page 274, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f589 ''Variation; environmental, page 274, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f590 ''Variation; genetic, pages 274, 298, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Variation, page 30, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Variation, page 42, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Variation, pages 117-119, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120207/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120207&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=22455ff53961978667722edaa64c0be5 ''Variation, pages 51, 60-61, 62, 70, 72-73, GCSE Biology, Pearson, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Variation, pages 66, 69, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Variable

2019-12-25T10:42:07Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
A '''variable''' is something that you can change, keep the same, or [[measure]]/[[observe]] in an [[investigation]].

===About Variables===
: There are three types of variable.
*[[Independent Variable]]: The thing you choose to change in an [[investigation]].
*[[Control Variable]]s: The things you keep the same in an [[investigation]] to make it a [[Fair Test|fair test]].
*[[Dependent Variable]]: The thing you measure or observe in an [[investigation]].
: In an experiment or investigation there should only be 1 independent variable. If you change more than one thing at a time, it is not a [[Fair Test|fair test]].
===Examples===
An investigation to test the claim: All leaves are green.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Oak Leaf'''
|'''Beech Leaf'''
|'''Ash Leaf'''
|-
|[[File:OakLeaf.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:BeechLeaf.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:AshLeaf.png|center|200px]]
|-
|'''Maple Leaf'''
|'''Chestnut Leaf'''
|'''Variables'''
|-
|[[File:MapleLeaf.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:ChestnutLeaf.png|center|200px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
*The type of leaf chosen was the '''independent variable'''.
*The colour of the leaves was the '''dependent variable'''
*The experiment was done at the same time of year for every tree because at different times leaves can change colour or fall off. This was a '''control variable'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|'''Results Table'''
|'''Variables'''
|-
|[[File:Results4.png|center|300px]]
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
*The type of food chosen was the '''independent variable'''.
*The colour of the iodine after being added to food was the '''dependent variable'''.
*There are many '''control variables''' that should be done. If the food colour was blue or black it might give the wrong result, so all the food should be the same pale colour. Another '''control variable''' is the amount of iodine used.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|'''Experiment'''
|'''Variables'''
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |Cress seeds were put in pots with soil with half placed in a dark cupboard and half on a windowsill.
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |
*'''Independent Variable''': Where you chose to put the cress seeds.
*'''Dependent Variable''': The observations of the cress seeds.
*'''Control Variable''': How long you left them for. They should all be left for the same amount of time or it's not a [[Fair Test|fair test]].
*'''Control Variable''': How much you watered them. They should both be watered the same amount to make it a [[Fair Test|fair test]].
|}

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A '''variable''' is anything which could affect the [[result]]s of an [[experiment]] or that you can change, keep the same, or [[measure]]/[[observe]] in an [[investigation]].

===About Variables===
: There are three groups of '''variable''' in an [[experiment]]:
:*[[Independent Variable]]: The thing you choose to change in an [[investigation]].
:*[[Control Variable]]s: The things you keep the same in an [[investigation]] to make it a [[Fair Test|fair test]].
:*[[Dependent Variable]]: The thing you measure or observe in an [[investigation]].
: In an experiment or investigation there should only be 1 [[Independent Variable|independent variable]]. If you change more than one thing at a time, it is not a [[Fair Test|fair test]].

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A '''variable''' is anything which could affect the [[result]]s of an [[experiment]] or that you can change, keep the same, or [[measure]]/[[observe]] in an [[investigation]].

===About Variables===
: There are three groups of '''variable''' in an [[experiment]]:
:*[[Independent Variable]]: The thing you choose to change in an [[investigation]].
:*[[Control Variable]]s: The things you keep the same in an [[investigation]] to make it a [[Fair Test|fair test]].
:*[[Dependent Variable]]: The thing you measure or observe in an [[investigation]].
: In an experiment or investigation there should only be 1 [[Independent Variable|independent variable]]. If you change more than one thing at a time, it is not a [[Fair Test|fair test]].

: There are three different types of '''variable''' which can be recorded in an [[experiment]]:
:*[[Categoric Variable]] - A variable that changes by category, not by numerical values (eg eye colour, blood type, type of animal.)
:*[[Discrete Variable]] - A variable which can only be specific values with no numbers in between (eg shoe size, number of people, number of [[atom]]s).
:*[[Continuous Variable]] - A variable which has any possible value (eg [[height]], [[time]], [[temperature]], [[Electrical Current|current]]).

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Variables page 9, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Variables, page 10, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851338/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851338&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=425855d5890466e47189e1c21b67a1ea ''Variables, page 118, GCSE Biology, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f585 ''Variables, page 370-1, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Variables, page 4, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10394 ''Variables, page 4, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac478 ''Variables, page 4, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Variables, pages 10, 16, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Variables, pages 10, 16, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Variables, pages 103, 241-2, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Variables, pages 144-5, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Variables, pages 17-18, 178, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Variables, pages 253, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=47c8d1ae58d8b3a5e2094cd447154558 ''Variables, pages 264-265, GCSE Chemistry; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Variables, pages 277-279, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d267 ''Variables, pages 5, 8, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Variables, page 10, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Variables, page 10, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120215/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120215&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=8f96ddb76196848bafdb124354e4cf77 ''Variables, page 136, GCSE Chemistry, Pearson, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Variables, page 4, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Variables, page 5, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Variables, page 5, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945733/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945733&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=2a2dbec9db6bf5766c0458d908fa0a52 ''Variables, page 5, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Variables, pages 9-1, 16, 17, 20, 21, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Variables, page 4, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Variables, page 5, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Variables, pages 5, 8, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945687&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a598e52189317a20311d7a632747bc9 ''Variables, pages 5, 8, Gateway GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Variables, pages 8, 12-15, 281-282, 288-289, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Variables, pages 8, 12-15, 282-283, 287-288, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Variables, pages 8, 14-15, 278, 296-297, 302-303, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Variable Resistor

2019-12-25T10:41:32Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[File:VariableResistorSymbol.png|right|300px|thumb|The symbol for a '''variable resistor'''.]]
A '''variable resistor''' is a [[resistor]] which can have its [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] changed.

===About Variable Resistors===
: A '''variable resistor''' can be used to control the [[Electrical Current|current]] passing through a [[circuit]]. If the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] is constant then the [[Electrical Current|current]] decreases as the [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] of the '''variable resistor''' increases.
: A '''variable resistor''' can be used to control the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] of another [[Electrical Component|component]] in [[Series Circuit|series]] with it. If the [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] of the '''variable resistor''' is increased the [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across other [[Electrical Component|components]] will decrease.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:PotentialDivider1.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:PotentialDivider2.png|center|200px]]
|[[File:PotentialDivider3.png|center|200px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |In this [[circuit]] the '''variable resistor''' has a [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] of 0Ω.

The [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across the fixed [[resistor]] is 6V.

The [[Electrical Current|current]] through this [[circuit]] is given by:

<math>I = \frac{V}{R}</math>

<math>I = \frac{6}{5}</math>

<math>I = 1.2A</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |In this [[circuit]] the '''variable resistor''' has the same [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] as the fixed [[resistor]] (5Ω).

The [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across the fixed [[resistor]] is 3V.

The [[Electrical Current|current]] through this [[circuit]] is given by:

<math>I = \frac{V}{R}</math>

<math>I = \frac{6}{10}</math>

<math>I = 0.6A</math>
| style="height:20px; width:200px; text-align:left;" |In this [[circuit]] the '''variable resistor''' has twice the [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]] of the fixed [[resistor]] (10Ω).

The [[Potential Difference|potential difference]] across the fixed [[resistor]] is 2V.

The [[Electrical Current|current]] through this [[circuit]] is given by:

<math>I = \frac{V}{R}</math>

<math>I = \frac{6}{15}</math>

<math>I = 0.4A</math>
|}

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:VariableResistor.png|center|100px]]
|[[File:Rheostat.png|center|300px]]
|-
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |This '''variable resistor''' can be turned to change the [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]].
| style="height:20px; width:300px; text-align:center;" |This '''variable resistor''' is known as a [[Rheostat]]. The slider can be moved to change [[Electrical Resistance|resistance]].
|}

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Variable resistor, page 52, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Variable resistors, circuit symbol, page 38, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851354/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851354&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9012a0d354024419214fb3ad5ac44ba0 ''Variable resistors, pages 293, 296, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 1, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/019835939X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=019835939X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=57e96876985fc39b1a3d8a3e3dc238b6 ''Variable resistors, pages 52-53, GCSE Physics; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Variable resistors, page 105, 113, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

Vanadium

2019-12-25T10:40:38Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 2==
===Meaning===
[[Vanadium]] is a [[metal]].
==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
[[File:VanadiumSymbol1.png|right|300px|thumb|The [[Chemical Symbol|chemical symbol]] for [[Vanadium]].]]
[[Vanadium]] is a [[Transition Metal|transition metal]] [[element]], on the [[Periodic Table]], with an [[Atomic Number|atomic number]] of 23.

===About Vanadium===
====Molecular Structure====
: [[Vanadium]] has the [[Chemical Symbol|chemical symbol]] [[Vanadium|V]].
: [[Vanadium]] [[atom]]s join together in large numbers to form a giant [[metal]] [[molecule]].

====Atomic Structure====
: [[Vanadium]] as 23 [[proton]]s and 28 [[neutron]]s in its [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] giving it an [[Atomic Number]] of 23 and an [[Relative Atomic Mass|atomic mass]] of 51.
: [[Vanadium]] is in [[Period]] 4 of the [[Periodic Table]] because it has 4 [[Electron Orbital|electron shells]].
====Properties====
: [[Vanadium]] is a [[metal]] [[element]] so it is a good [[Thermal Conductor|thermal conductor]] and a good [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]].
: [[Vanadium]] is a shiny [[solid]] at [[STP|room temperature]].
: [[Vanadium]] is [[malleable]].
: [[Vanadium]] is [[sonorous]].
: [[Vanadium]] is [[ductile]].
==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
[[Vanadium]] is a [[Transition Metal|transition metal]] [[element]], on the [[Periodic Table]], with 23 [[proton]]s in the [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]].
===About Vanadium===
====Molecular Structure====
: [[Vanadium]] has the [[Chemical Formula|chemical formula]] [[Vanadium |V]].
: [[Vanadium]] [[atom]]s join together in a [[Giant Metallic Structure|giant metallic structure]].

====Atomic Structure====
: The most [[Stable Isotope|stable isotope]] of [[Vanadium]] has 28 [[neutron]]s in its [[Atomic Nucleus|nucleus]] giving it an [[Relative Atomic Mass|atomic mass]] of 51.
: [[Vanadium]] is in [[Period]] 4 of the [[Periodic Table]] because it has 4 [[Electron Orbital|electron shells]].
: [[Vanadium]] loses [[electron]]s to form [[Positive Charge|positive]] [[Metal Ion|metal ions]].
====Properties====
: [[Vanadium]] forms [[Ionic Bond|ionic bonds]] with [[non-metal]]s.
: [[Vanadium]] is a [[metal]] [[element]] so it is a good [[Thermal Conductor|thermal conductor]] and a good [[Electrical Conductor|electrical conductor]].
: [[Vanadium]] is a shiny [[solid]] at [[STP|standard temperature and pressure]] and has a high [[Melting Point|melting point]].
: [[Vanadium]] is [[malleable]].
: [[Vanadium]] is [[sonorous]].
: [[Vanadium]] is [[ductile]].

===References===
====OCR====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359829/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359829&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=90e8d7b4f039d53035238fa0320fe00b ''Vanadium, page 141, Gateway GCSE Chemistry, Oxford, OCR '']

Valve

2019-12-25T10:40:00Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A [[valve]] is a mechanism that only allows a [[fluid]] to flow through it in one direction.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f583 ''Valve, pages 113, 115, 121, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359373/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359373&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=952a73bbb09d222ecc4b50d200679849 ''Valves, pages 54-58, GCSE Biology; Third Edition, Oxford University Press, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948120&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=dedef775c6a43dbb0a609441525adac0 ''Valves, pages 265, 267, GCSE Biology, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Valves, pages 90, 91, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Valves (circulatory system), pages 29, 30, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359810&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=d768d99f1a06f7c12fab40e5aef85a55 ''Valves, heart, pages 76, 241, Gateway GCSE Biology, Oxford, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Valves, pages 36, 37, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Valid

2019-12-25T10:39:29Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
'''Validity''' is whether a [[method]] produces [[results]] which test the [[hypothesis]].

===About Validity===
: A '''valid''' [[experiment]] is one which tests the [[hypothesis]] posed.
: An '''invalid''' [[experiment]] would be one which does not test the [[hypothesis]].
: An [[experiment]] may be made '''invalid''' by not using [[Control Variable|control variable]]s as they may affect the [[results]] instead of the [[Independent Variable|independent variable]].
: A [[conclusion]] may also be [[valid]] or [[valid|invalid]] depending on whether the [[conclusion]] fits the [[results]] that were given.

===Examples===
====Valid Experiment====
: [[Hypothesis]] - The [[extension]] of a [[Coil Spring|spring]] is [[Directly Proportional|directly proportional]] to the [[force]] applied to the [[Coil Spring|spring]].
: '''Valid''' Method - Attach different known [[weight]]s to the [[Coil Spring|spring]] and [[measure]] the [[extension]] of the [[Coil Spring|spring]].

====Invalid Experiment====
: [[Hypothesis]] - The [[extension]] of a [[Coil Spring|spring]] is [[Directly Proportional|directly proportional]] to the [[force]] applied to the [[Coil Spring|spring]].

: '''Invalid''' Method 1 - Attach different known [[weight]]s to an elastic band and [[measure]] the [[extension]] of the elastic band.

: '''Invalid''' Method 2 - Attach different known [[weight]]s to the [[Coil Spring|spring]] and [[measure]] the [[width]] of the [[Coil Spring|spring]].

: '''Invalid''' Method 3- Pull the [[Coil Spring|spring]] with the hands and [[measure]] the [[extension]] of the [[Coil Spring|spring]].

: '''Invalid''' Method 4 - Attach different known [[weight]]s each to a different [[Coil Spring|spring]] and [[measure]] the [[extension]] of each [[Coil Spring|spring]].

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945563&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9a1d023a374038e6072f33c4f3cf808b ''Valid results, page 4, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945954/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945954&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=100574c08fbbb64318256eb79ed61a76 ''Valid results, page 9, GCSE Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946381/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946381&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=5ec5fc3f6429e30c1d9ab9bca2bccf93 ''Valid results, page 9, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Biology, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158754/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158754&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=27ad53b0283feeff7fc5ae04a9e205f582 ''Valid, page 180, GCSE Biology; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851370/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851370&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=01c69b0ae058f809cf636033e6ba793e ''Validity of investigations, page 127, GCSE Physics, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851346/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851346&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3ac654f4b0da781c49c855a1af4c92ea ''Validity of results, page 274, GCSE Chemistry, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1471851362/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1471851362&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=7d78d70a2044ee9982dae010c94af92a ''Validity of results, pages 204, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy 2, Hodder, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945598&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ad276ad49df77ab4b40ab4fd0fe10392 ''Validity, page 4, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294558X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294558X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f0dfb66dafcb0c6e9449e7b1a4ae1ac477 ''Validity, page 4, GCSE Physics; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945571/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945571&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=9e29fad914244909903e5e93f8a01d266 ''Validity, page 5, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Validity, page 8, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945962/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945962&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=476bb5c8d1dfb5c08ac81b6d4d1c98d8 ''Validity, page 9, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/178294639X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=178294639X&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=51599bb45a2bfaf7c1b6a978b2ca2616 ''Validity, page 9, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Chemistry, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Validity, page 9, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945741&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=30da4f2178da182547b62a7329d13b57 ''Validity, page 4, GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946748/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946748&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a4f0348fc37d0ba1bb52d27f8679581f ''Validity, page 5, GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945725/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945725&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=694be7494de75af3349537d34e13f7f0 ''Validity, page 5, GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948147/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948147&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=f63dcd8345f4e49c717b39a228a36c7c ''Validity, page 9, GCSE Chemistry, CGP, Edexcel '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782948163/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782948163&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=0fdbfd5dd397d6e24a9dfb250f08587f ''Validity, page 9, GCSE Physics, CGP, Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945695/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945695&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ceafcc80bcad6b6754ee97a0c7ceea53 ''Validity, page 4, Gateway GCSE Combined Science; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945660/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945660&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=83aa4500ad7759e7f401a1c5ba5df758 ''Validity, page 5, Gateway GCSE Biology; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945679/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945679&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a2db42f7b4bdf10cafaafa3bb9120940 ''Validity, page 5, Gateway GCSE Chemistry; The Revision Guide, CGP, OCR '']

Vacuum

2019-12-25T10:39:08Z

Ellen References:

==Key Stage 3==
===Meaning===
A [[vacuum]] is an empty space with no [[Atom|atoms]] in it.

==Key Stage 4==
===Meaning===
A [[vacuum]] is an empty space with no [[Atom|atoms]] in it.

===References===
====AQA====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782946403/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782946403&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=32a0abb60dff015b15b50e9b1d7b4644 ''Vacuum, pages 188, 200, GCSE Combined Science Trilogy; Physics, CGP, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0008158770/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0008158770&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=ec31595e720e1529e49876c3866fff6e ''Vacuum, pages 190, 195, 213, 217, GCSE Physics; Student Book, Collins, AQA '']
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1782945970/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1782945970&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=a120d24dcc7cc7a58192069a3aafc1d2 ''Vacuum, pages 225, 242, 280, GCSE Physics; The Complete 9-1 Course for AQA, CGP, AQA '']

====Edexcel====

:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1292120223/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=1292120223&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=068ecf40278c32406a7f1c6e66751417 ''Vacuum, page 72, GCSE Physics, Pearson Edexcel '']

====OCR====
:[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0198359837/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=6738&creativeASIN=0198359837&linkCode=as2&tag=nrjc-21&linkId=3c4229e8b023b2b60768e7ea2307cc6f ''Vacuums, pages 152, Gateway GCSE Physics, Oxford, OCR '']

==Beyond the Curriculum==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rJOSDgDG0A}}